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There are three Arthurs in the memory of mankind - Arthur of history, Arthur of legends and Arthur of chivalric novels, and one image smoothly flows into another. The image of the historical Arthur is associated with the events that took place in Roman or, more precisely, post-Roman Britain.

By the beginning of contacts with the Romans in the 1st century. BC. Britain was populated mainly by peoples belonging to the Celtic language group, the largest of which were the Britons. Small Celtic tribal principalities waged continuous war with each other. By the 3rd century AD the conquest of the island by the Romans was completed, and the province of Britannia was formed with a mixed Briton-Roman, but completely Romanized population, which occupied the southeastern and central regions of the island.

The remaining areas remained Celtic. At the end of the III century. - IV century. Roman Britain was Christianized. At the same time, raids on it from the sea by Germanic tribes, mainly Saxons, began. In the middle of the IV century. the tribes of the Picts moved here from the north; from the west, from the island of Ibernia (Ireland), the Celts-Scots poured in, who conquered the north of Britain - Caledonia, naming it after their tribe Scotland (Scotland). In 407, in view of the threat to Rome from the Gothic tribes, Roman troops leave Britain, in 410, Roman officials leave it, and after them, the Roman colonists.

Britain was left to itself. A short-term Celtic revival began, the oblivion of Roman customs, the restoration of the Celtic language and way of life. But in the middle of the fifth century Germanic tribes attacked Britain from the sea: the Jutes from the north of the Jutland Peninsula, the Angles from its south, the Saxons from the coast of the North Sea. Kent was in the hands of the Jutes. The south and southeast of the island were captured by the Saxons, the east coast by the Angles. The pagan Germans moved inland, exterminating and expelling the local population (part of the Celts from the Cornwall peninsula fled to the continent, to the Armorica peninsula, giving it the name of their homeland - Brittany), destroying villages, burning churches.

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At the beginning of the VI century. the tribes of the Britons and the remnants of the descendants of the Romans united and began to fight the conquerors. At the beginning - the middle of the VI century. they managed to inflict a number of defeats on the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, but in the 60-70s. this century the invasion continued, and by 600 the conquest of the main part of the island was completed; Celtic peoples remained in Scotland, Wales, on the Cornwall peninsula and for some time in the north-west of England proper. These are precisely established historical facts. Other information is already on the verge of history and legend.

Around 550, the monk St. Gildas wrote an essay "On the ruin and conquest of Britain." Without naming names or dates, he says that "the advisers, together with the proud king, brought the furious Saxons into the country, hated by God and people, to repulse the northern tribes." Later, the Britons elected their ruler with the title of emperor, a descendant of the Romans, Ambrose Aurelian, who inflicted a decisive defeat on the Saxons at Mount Badon (the exact location has not been established, some scientists believe that this is a hill near the resort town of Bath).

Gildas's text is not very clear. It is not entirely clear who led this battle, perhaps not Ambrose; in particular, a certain Bear (lat. Ursus) is also mentioned there. In one of the Celtic languages ​​\u200b\u200b(Welsh), "bear *" is "artu". It is possible that this is the first mention of Arthur.

In the second half of the VI century. Welsh bard Anei-rin composes the poem "Goddoin", which tells about the death of one of the British tribes. One of the heroes of the poem is the leader Arthur, a brave warrior, a wise ruler, but at the same time the leader of a detachment of desperate thugs. If this is not a later insert (the poem has come down to us in a manuscript of the 13th century), then we undoubtedly have the oldest mention of Arthur.

The next stage of the history-legend is the "History of the Britons" by a certain Nennius (apparently, the end of the 8th century). This is an extremely confused, fictional account of the history of Britain before the time of the Anglo-Saxon conquest. The story of the appearance of the Germans on the island near Nennius is legendary and painted in romantic tones: the king of the Britons Vortigern, intoxicated with a magical drink, falls in love with the daughter (sometimes, however, Nennius calls her sister) the leader of the Germans, Hengist Ronvenu, and allows the Saxons (that's right, not the Jutes, German invaders are called by Nennius) to seize their country. Further, Ambrose (aka Embreis Guletik, i.e. in Briton - leader Ambrose) is woven into the story, who turns out to be either a noble Roman, the leader of the Britons, apparently inheriting Vortigern, or some kind of clairvoyant, soothsayer, born without a father. It is possible (but no more than that: the text is already very confused), both references to Ambrose refer to the same person. Later, without any connection with Ambrose, the leader Arthur is mentioned, who defeated the Saxons in 12 battles, with the last and final one taking place at Mount Badon.




According to archaeological data, in the places indicated by Nennius, many battles really took place, but they could not have taken place during the life of one person.

The last mention of Arthur in a more or less historical context is found in writings written in the 10th century. anonymous Annals of Cumbria (Cumbria is the ancient name for Wales). The Annals report: "516 The Battle of Badon, during which Arthur carried on his shoulders the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ for three days and three nights, and the Britons were victorious"; "537 The Battle of Camlann (apparently the River Camblanc, now Camel in the peninsula of Cornwall), during which Arthur and Medrout slew each other, and a pestilence fell upon Britain and Ireland."

Modern scientists consider the real existence of a ruler, possibly bearing the title of Emperor of the Britons and Romans, Ambrose Aurelian, who at the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries. led the fight against the Germans. Under him, there could be a military leader or just the leader of the squad, a local resident (possibly from Wales) Arthur, who inflicted a number of significant defeats on the Saxons, especially at Mount Badon. After that, the German conquest of Britain stopped for about 50 years. The strife in the camp of the victors led to the death of Arthur.

A certain stage in the formation of the legend of Arthur is written in Welsh no later than the beginning of the 12th century. the essay “Kulloch and Olwen *” is a heroic tale of heroic matchmaking. In it, the heroes end up at the court of King Arthur - a brave and experienced military leader, a wise, gray-haired ruler.

The transition from legend to novel is written between 1135 and 1138. "History of the Britons" by a Welsh priest, later Bishop Geoffrey of Monmouth. This essay tells about the history of Britain from ancient times until about the beginning of the 8th century. Many legends are retold (or composed) here, including those about King Lear. But the story of Arthur turned out to be the main thing for subsequent generations.


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Here it is in the presentation of Galfrid. An entourage of the king of Britain, Constant Vortegern (obviously corresponding to Vortigern), seized the throne and killed the king. His young brothers Aurelius Ambrosia (as with Galfrid) and Uther Pendragon fled to Brittany. Fearing the revenge of the legitimate heirs, Vortegern calls on the Saxons (hereinafter - according to Nennius). A young magician and soothsayer Merlin, who was born without a father, arrives at the court of Vortigern; according to Geoffrey, Merlin is also called Ambrosius - perhaps here is some echo of Nennius' message about Ambrose Aurelian. Merlin prophesies of the fall of the usurper, the return of legitimate monarchs, and the rise of a future king who will drive out the enemies. Aurelius Ambrosia returns, the country welcomes him as a legitimate monarch, and the usurper dies. The new king inflicts a series of defeats on the Saxons, and after his death, his brother Uther Pendragon ascends the throne. To the court of Uther, where Merlin lives as an adviser, the ruler of Cornubia (Cornwall) Throat comes with his wife, the beautiful Ingrena (Igray-na, Igerna of later novels). Uther falls in love with her and enters her in Tintagel (Tintagil, Tintagil of the novels), her husband's castle, in the guise of Gorloi, which Merlin magically gave the king. From this connection, shortly after the death of Gorloy, sealed by legal marriage, Arthur will be born. Meanwhile, the Saxons resume their attacks. Sick and old Uther gives them the battle of Badon, won by the Britons thanks to the courage of young Arthur. The defeated enemies kill, however, Uther with the help of poison, and by common decision, 15-year-old Arthur ascends the throne. The reign of Arthur is the era of the highest power of the Britons. He annexes Gaul, Hibernia, Iceland and Denmark to his possessions. Arthur also intends to expel the local usurper Lucius from Rome and to assume the imperial crown. He manages to defeat Lucius, but then news comes from Britain that his nephew, the son of Anna's half-sister, the daughter of Gorloi and Ingrena, Modred (remember Medraut from the Annals of Cumbria) seized power and married the wife of the king, the queen, while her husband was alive. Guinevere (Guinevere, Ginevra novels). Arthur returns and at the Battle of Camblane defeats Modred's army and kills him, but he himself receives a mortal wound (Galfrid gives the date: 542). The king is transported to the island of Avallon - according to Celtic myths, the island of eternal life in the West, a kind of island of the blessed and at the same time the land of the dead, the paradise of the pagan Celts.






















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