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The double mast resting on the sides and the ordinary one-pole mast existed together until the end of the VI dynasty (about 2200 BC), after which the double mast finally fell into disuse. A relief from the tomb of Ahibi at Saqqara shows the crew lowering such a double mast.

Until the end of the 3rd millennium, very high (in relation to the hull) masts were used, carrying one high and narrow sail (on the Nile, with its high banks, this made it possible to more effectively catch a fair wind). When the sail was not in use, the mast was removed from the steps and laid along the deck.

The mast was held by numerous shrouds and backstays. Forestays appeared around 2400 BC. e. The mast, originally placed closer to the bow, gradually shifted to the stern. Around 1500 BC. e. it was placed exactly in the middle of the ship, which allowed him to go not only straight into the wind. The sail was fastened with the upper luff to the yard, and the lower one to the yoke (in ancient times, only the Egyptians used the yoke). The jibman had his own standing rigging, as the papyrus sail was not strong enough to hold it. The jib was fixed motionless, and the sail was raised and lowered along with the yard. The Egyptians did not use pulleys, so many hands were required to control the sail. Around 2000, the high sail was replaced by a sail of exactly the opposite shape - low and very wide.

Sea vessels were built according to the same scheme as river vessels, with the only difference being that to strengthen the too light hull, a thick cable was used, stretched between the bow and stern, with a loop thrown over the stern. The team pulled it on, twisting it with the help of a vaga. A thin rope encircled the hull at deck level, preventing the skin from diverge under the pressure of the deck beams. The earliest seagoing vessels can be seen in a relief from Abusir, made around 2450, depicting the return of some military expedition.

Egyptian texts give some information about the use of the fleet for military purposes. In the inscription of the nobleman Una from Abydos, late XXV century. BC e., contains a description of a campaign to the east against the Bedouins and, in particular, a landing operation in southern Palestine, where the Egyptian border passed. This is obviously the most ancient description of the joint actions of the fleet and the ground forces: "His Majesty sent me to lead an army five times and pacify the country of the inhabitants of the sands every time they rebelled - with the help of these detachments I acted in such a way that His Majesty praised me. Reported "What are the rebels among these foreigners on the Gazelle Nose. I crossed on ships with these detachments and landed on the high spurs of the mountain north of the country of the inhabitants of the sands, and half of the army went by land road. I came and captured them all. All the rebels were killed among them." (A hieroglyphic inscription from Abydos in Upper Egypt, a dignitary of Una - a contemporary of the kings of the VI dynasty Teti II, Piopi I, Merenra I - mid XXV - early XXIV centuries BC, Cairo Museum. Translation and comments by Yu. Ya. Perepelkin) .
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There is also information about the first distant voyages of the ancient Egyptians. According to the hieroglyphic inscriptions found during excavations in the Hammamat valley, it can be concluded that the Egyptian ships as early as 2300 BC. e. from the harbor of Levkos Limen (now Kozeir), where the road leading to the Red Sea from Koptos on the upper Nile ended, they sailed to the fabulous country of Punt. More accurate information about maritime affairs in antiquity is given to us by inscriptions and images in the Theban temple of Deir el-Bahri, dedicated to the expedition sent to Punt across the Red Sea by Queen Hatshepsut (1479-1458) around 1470 BC. e.

These ships, similar to the large Nile ships described above, which existed 1000 years before that time, already indicate significant successes. The hulls of Hatshepsut's ships depicted on them have more elegant outlines than those of the ships of the Old Kingdom, they have aft and bow decks with a bulwark; the stem is straight, the stern is gently curved and ends with a lotus bud. The ends of the deck beams are passed through the skin, which gives the structure greater strength. There was no need to encircle the ship's hull with a cable. The sail, as on river boats of that time, is wide and low. It was attached to a long rail of two interconnected trees. The mast is lower than on earlier ships, the number of stays has been reduced. No fixtures for reefing the sails are visible, it is possible that in strong winds the large sail was lowered and replaced by a smaller one. Each ship had 30 rowers - it can be assumed that these ships reached at least 30 m in length. After 1400 BC. e. Egyptian shipbuilding is undergoing great changes. In the future, it developed already within the framework of the general Mediterranean tradition, where the tone was set first by Crete, and then by the Phoenicians and Greeks.
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This sea expedition, equipped by Queen Hatshepsut, is the first campaign about which reliable and detailed information has come down to us. Therefore, Queen Hatshepsut rightfully belongs to the first place in the annals of the sea. The cargo brought from the country of Punt consisted of gold, silver, ivory, black and other precious woods, live fragrant plants in tubs, fragrant resin, leopard skins, women, children and baboons of two breeds. Until now, however, it must be considered unclear whether this campaign was carried out by the Egyptians, who, although they possessed a significant inland river fleet, but under the religious suggestion of the priests, had aversion and fear of the sea, or by the Phoenicians, who have long been in frequent relations with Egypt . The fact speaks for the Phoenicians that among the frescoes of a tomb recently discovered in Thebes, dating from approximately the same era (XVIII dynasty), there are images of similar ships, but with a Phoenician crew. It is possible that they were mercenaries, similar to the Phoenician mercenaries of the Tyrian king Hiram, who 600 years later made a trip on the ships of Solomon to the country of Ophir and returned from there with similar booty. When, a full millennium later, around 600 B.C. e., King Necho sent a flotilla to circumnavigate Africa, then the whole team was made up of the same Phoenicians, and not Egyptians (Herodotus, IV, 42), who, it would seem, could by this time renounce their superstitious fear of the sea under the influence Greek influence that penetrated into Egypt under King Psammetichus.
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With their aversion to the sea, the Egyptians left their trade to the Phoenicians. On the Nile, the kings have long maintained warships, and even in very remote times the Egyptian navy had a certain organization. Around 1600 BC e. this fleet acted actively to oust the Hyksos (an alliance of Hurrian and Semitic tribes), who enslaved the country and settled in the Nile Delta. These events are reflected in the inscription on the stele of King Kamose (beginning of the 16th century BC). Judging by this source, the fleet was used for reconnaissance, for the transfer and landing of troops. The inscription mentions the names of several ships. There is also an inscription on the walls of the tomb of the head of rowers Ahmose, who lived under the first three kings of the 18th dynasty (beginning - middle of the 16th century BC). Ahmose participated in several campaigns against the Hyksos and Kushites, suppressed uprisings in southern Egypt. The names of several ships on which he served are listed. From the inscription it follows that he repeatedly fought on the Nile against enemy fleets (the enemy rowers captured by him are mentioned). Ahmose specifically mentions those cases when he fought on land - obviously, his main service was connected with the Nile fleet.

Relief of Ramses III, circa 1190 BC e., from the temple at Medinet Abu, depicts a battle between the Egyptian fleet and the ships of the "peoples of the sea" (Philistines of the Bible). The battle took place somewhere not far from the land (in the lower right corner, an Egyptian warrior finishes off or captures an enemy who has climbed onto land from a sunken ship), but it is definitely impossible to say where - in one of the branches of the Nile or off the coast of Canaan. The Egyptian ships of this time are significantly different from those represented on the reliefs of Hatshepsut. These are warships. The nose is decorated with a lion's head, the sternpost is straight, not curved. The rowers are protected from enemy arrows by a high bulwark. These ships obviously did not have decks. There is no cable stretched between the bow and stern - the strength of the hull, like that of the Syrian ships from the fresco of 1400 BC. e., achieved through internal construction. The spar has also changed - the jib has disappeared, the number of stays and tophenants of the yard has decreased. The yards are no longer straight, but slightly curved. The mast ends with an observation deck. Gitas appeared - in the form in which they then exist throughout the entire ancient era. This important invention, which allows you to quickly pull the sail to the yard, may have been made much earlier, but here it is presented for the first time. It is noteworthy that the spars and rigging of Egyptian ships practically do not differ from those of the enemy. The ships of the "peoples of the sea" are of the Aegean type, with a straight angular bow and stern, the bow is decorated with a duck's head.


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