Media, News, Publishing: News update 31.03.2020 (678)

A generation has grown up in the liberated countries, to whom such concepts as colonialism, colonial oppression are familiar only from school textbooks, from the stories of their parents. But the colonial past constantly reminds of itself, because colonialism has profoundly changed the social, economic, political and cultural face of dozens of countries of the world with a population of hundreds of millions of people. Even today, disputes about the historical role of colonialism do not stop. Colonial conquests were carried out with extraordinary cruelty. In their course, as well as as a result of ruthless exploitation, during numerous anti-colonial uprisings, tens of millions of people died. Colonialism enriched the mother countries, turned the colonies into sources of cheap raw materials and labor, markets for the products of economically developed countries, and a field of activity for foreign capital. In the 50s. of our century, about 98% of diamonds mined in the capitalist world, 80% of cobalt, 56% of gold, 38% of chromium, 36% of manganese, 27% of copper were exported from Africa alone. There was a peculiar export specialization of the colonial countries. And today we associate India with cotton, tea, tobacco, Egypt and Sudan with cotton, Brazil with coffee and rubber, Australia and New Zealand with wool, the Gold Coast with cocoa, Senegal and the Gambia with peanuts, Zanzibar - with cloves ... Of course, such a one-sided development of the economy narrowed the possibilities of the colonial countries, made them directly dependent on the rapidly changing situation on the world capitalist markets, on the conjuncture of world prices.

Colonialism left the liberated countries as a legacy of the most serious socio-economic, political and ethnic problems, on the solution of which their future largely depends. Border disputes, interstate and interethnic conflicts, which have claimed many millions of lives in the countries of Asia and Africa in recent decades, most often have their roots in the colonial past.

But there was something else. Many Europeans believed in the need for colonialism as a means of introducing backward peoples to the achievements of civilization, they saw this as their special purpose. “Carry this proud burden,” he wrote at the end of the 19th century. English poet and writer Rudyard Kipling in his famous poem "The White Man's Burden" - native sons went to the service of your subject peoples to the ends of the earth - to hard labor for the sake of gloomy, restless savages, half demons, half people ... In life, you will not see the ports , highways, bridges - so build them, leaving the graves of people like you!

The best part of European and American society has done a lot to help the backward peoples get rid of slavery and the slave trade, poverty, disease and hunger. It was the abolitionists, the opponents of slavery and the slave trade in America and Europe, who, after a long (19th - early 20th century) struggle, achieved the phased abolition of the slave trade first, and then slavery, including those of its forms that existed even before the colonial invasion. In the colonies, the great humanist, doctor and philosopher, Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1952 Albert Schweitzer glorified his name. Missionaries and doctors, engineers and teachers went to the colony. Among them were many real ascetics. In search of a better life, tens and hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Europe, mostly the poor, went there. Their descendants already in the first or second generations considered the colonies their homeland. Millions of "white Indians" lived in India, "white Africans" - in South Africa, Algeria (in France they were contemptuously called "black-footed"), white communities existed in many other Asian and African countries. The members of these communities occupied a higher social, economic and political position than the bulk of the inhabitants of the colonies, but there were also poor people among the white settlers. The collapse of the colonial system turned into personal tragedies for many inhabitants of the colonies. The mass exodus of white residents of Algeria, the Belgian Congo, the Portuguese colonies, Southern Rhodesia from these countries after they achieved independence was forced, and they were not really expected in the metropolises ...

Europe with its vast scientific, technical, cultural experience and capital, the energy of European settlers created in the colonies the foundations of modern transport and communications, mining and manufacturing and agriculture, education and medicine, and new forms of economic activity. The foundation of modern statehood was laid - legislative, executive and judicial power. The colonial powers were guided primarily by their own interests, but as a result, the formation and development of new social relations also took place, new socio-political forces appeared - mass parties, organizations, trade unions, capable of leading the struggle of the colonies for political liberation. Thus, against its own will, colonialism accelerated the political awakening of the peoples of the colonies, the rise of national liberation movements, the collapse of the world colonial system and the emergence of dozens of new independent states.

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Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) was born in Thessaloniki (now Greece) on the territory of the then Ottoman Empire in 1881. His father, a timber merchant, and in the past a customs official, was not very rich, but sought to give his son a good education. In a state that united many peoples under the rule of the Turks, there has never been a more honorable profession than a military man. Therefore, a smart and inquisitive young man chose the career of an officer for himself. He graduated from military schools in Thessaloniki and Monastir (now Bitola, Macedonia), and in January 1905, when he was not even 24 years old, he had already completed his studies at the Turkish General Staff Academy.

At the same time, a European-educated military man made acquaintance with young officers of humble origin like him, dissatisfied with the medieval cruel and ossified regime of Sultan Abdul Hamid. In 1908, as a result of a coup, the “Young Turks,” as these young military men began to be called, eliminated the absolute power of the Sultan in one of the most ancient monarchies in the world. However, soon the leaders of the movement - Enver Pasha, Jemal Pasha, Talaat Pasha and others - completely mired in embezzlement, bribery, bathed in luxury, forgetting about the goals that the Young Turks had once set for themselves - liberation from foreign dependence, a course towards industrial development, the equality of nations, the spread of the achievements of European civilization, etc. Severe and prone to asceticism, Mustafa Kemal moves away from former like-minded people and is exclusively engaged in military affairs. On the fronts of the Italian-Turkish (1911-1912), the second Balkan (1913) and especially the First World Wars, he proved himself a decisive and courageous military leader. Mustafa Kemal was one of the very few Turkish generals capable of defeating the well-equipped European troops due to his talent as a commander and the excellent fighting qualities of a Turkish soldier. Even recently, the government of the Young Turks, which was suspicious of the popular commander, was forced to note his merits - in 1916, along with the rank of general, he received the most honorable title for a Turk, “pasha”. But the peak of his deafening glory was yet to come.

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вторник, 31 марта 2020 г.

News update 31.03.2020 (678)

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News update 31.03.2020 (678)

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вторник, 31 марта 2020 г.