четверг, 28 мая 2020 г.

News update 27/05/2020 (883215)

Each of the components of gunpowder plays a special role in its composition. Sulfur is highly flammable and burns, releasing large amounts of heat. Saltpeter releases a lot of oxygen when burned. High temperature and oxygen are the conditions for the rapid combustion of coal. Such a mixture does not need oxygen from the air during combustion, which means that it can occur in a closed space completely filled with this mixture. If gunpowder is placed in a shell and ignited through a small hole, then it will instantly burn out - an explosion, and the resulting gases will break this shell. This property was used by the Chinese, who stuffed hollow cast-iron balls with holes for incendiary cords with gunpowder. The cords were set on fire, the balls were thrown out of a special throwing machine and flew with a heavy rumble at the enemy, smoking "tails" fluttering in the wind. If the timing was correct, then the cords burned out at the very moment when the shells were at the location of the enemy, and their fragments flew in different directions, bringing death and horror. The Chinese called such shells "black dragons", later the Europeans would call them bombs.

And what happens if the gunpowder shell is not solid, if, as in the case of Berthold Schwartz, there is a lid on the gunpowder container? Gases act uniformly on all walls of the container, but only one of them - the lid - is movable. So they will push her out. If you bring the lid closer to the gunpowder so that there is practically no free air space between them, then the lid turns into a projectile, gunpowder into a charge for throwing it, and the container itself into a firearm. But it all just seems so simple. Hundreds of years passed before people understood: gunpowder can not only explode - it can be made by the force of an explosion to throw shells over long distances.
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It is more or less recognized that firearms appeared at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. The most ancient firearm known to us from drawings and descriptions was called “madf”, and it was invented by the Arabs. Gunpowder was poured into a short wooden or long iron tube with one tightly closed end and a projectile was placed - a spherical bullet, an arrow, or both at the same time. Gunpowder was ignited through a small hole in the tube, it exploded and threw out this projectile. In Europe, which had centuries-old traditions of blacksmithing and foundry, the novelty took root with incredible speed: it took less than a century for firearms to appear in Italy and France, Germany and England, Hungary and the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia.
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This weapon looked different - a person only groped for its optimal shape. In 1326, the scientist and lawyer Walter de Milemet wrote an extensive treatise - a guide for the young heir to the English crown, the future King Edward III. One of the bright illustrations placed in the manuscript depicts the gates of the fortress, apparently besieged. In front of the gate there is something like a table, and on it is a pear-shaped vessel with an arrow inserted into it. Next to the table is a knight setting fire to the charge inside the vessel. This miniature is the oldest depiction of firearms known in Europe.

There were other forms of early firearms, most commonly short tubes with cylindrical or conical bores (the internal volume of the barrel). Sometimes these tubes were bound with hoops so that they would not burst when fired.

Modern firearms are usually divided into artillery and hand, small arms. Artillery operates over long distances, strikes a wide variety of targets, including closed, invisible ones, its guns are served by several people. Small arms - mostly individual, used to destroy open targets, primarily enemy manpower. A modern cannon in appearance does not at all resemble a pistol or machine gun. In the 14th century, artillery pieces and handguns differed only in size, weight and caliber (barrel diameter). Even the names were similar: large guns that pierced the fortress walls with huge stone cannon balls were called bombards, and small hand-held barrels were called bombardells.

среда, 27 мая 2020 г.

Best news RSS updates 27/05/2020

Such weapons were neither effective nor reliable. The loading procedure itself was very long, and the accuracy was low. In one of the battles, the guns of the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, were loaded and pointed during the battle. The Burgundian gunners took aim too high, but they did not have time to reload their guns. Charles lost the battle. The English archers of that time at a distance of 300 paces without a miss hit the armored knights, while releasing several arrows per minute. The guns often burst, unable to withstand too much pressure from the powder gases. The people who served them, having set fire to the wick leading to the ignition hole, rushed at full speed to a trench that had been dug not far away and hid in it.
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However, these weapons continued to be used in military affairs, gradually improving until they became both effective and reliable. The fact is that it instilled fear in people accustomed to traditional hand-to-hand combat, where everything depended on the strength and skill of a warrior. It was possible to protect oneself from a sword strike, but how to protect oneself from a rapidly rushing all-destroying core? Detachments of well-armed professional warriors fled when they saw the enemy's cannons aimed at themselves, and the cities surrendered without resistance if their defenders noticed that the enemy was arranging positions for their bombards.

The same Montaigne, who did not believe in the viability of firearms, wrote: “When the deafening crackle of an arquebus (i.e., hand weapons, which will be discussed later) suddenly strikes my ears ... I cannot help trembling; I have often seen the same thing happen to other people who are braver than me.

However, over time, these fears gained more and more grounds. In the XV century. guns appeared that were capable of punching a hole in thick stone walls with a few shots. The Duke of Burgundy, a recalcitrant vassal of the King of France, called his artillery "the key of French cities." Hand weapons also became more and more effective, they were already armed with entire detachments of warriors that could decide the outcome of the battle.

15th century tools amaze even today with their power. The bombard "Lazy Magda", for example, weighs 1 t 383 kg, and the diameter of its stone core is 35.5 cm. And this is far from the largest weapon of that time. Even before him, the “Brunswick Metta” weighing 8.7 tons with a core with a diameter of 67 cm and the “Mad Greta” of a slightly larger caliber, but much heavier - 16 tons were made. The design of these bombard guns is more complicated than in the 14th century. They were usually made of thick iron strips welded together, fastened with transverse hoops. The channel was divided into two parts: a smaller "chamber" for gunpowder and a larger "cauldron" for the core. By the end of the XV century. heavy and clumsy iron tools began to be replaced by lighter and more reliable bronze ones. With the same design, they were sometimes made completely gigantic. A giant of giants is the famous Tsar Cannon, cast in 1586 in Moscow by master Andrei Chokhov.
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16th century - time of other structures. The high stone walls could not withstand the power and pressure of the bombards. Instead, they began to build low earthen ramparts that could not be pierced by stone cannonballs. It was impossible to defend against artillery with walls, but it was possible to defend against enemies with the help of artillery. Fortresses change their appearance, because artillery is being improved.

But artillery also changes with the change in the appearance of fortresses. The bombards have been poured or taken to the arsenals. An increasingly important role is played by cannons - guns with long and straight channels, designed for flat shooting at the enemy. The initial speed of their iron cores is greater than that of bombards, and they break through stone walls better. For the destruction of earthen ramparts, mortars are used - shortened bombards that shoot with a canopy of explosive bombs.

Artillery science is developing. European scientists, including the famous Italian mathematician Tartaglia, are engaged in calculations of the trajectories of the flight of shells and give recommendations to foundry masters. There are a lot of guns in Europe, and they are no longer used only in the assaults and defense of cities, but also in field battles. About two and a half thousand of these guns were on the ships of the Invincible Armada, abandoned in 1588 by the Spanish king to conquer England and died ingloriously, never reaching its shores.

Bronze artillery pieces of the 16th-17th centuries. were very beautiful. Sparkling polished surfaces, embossed and carved inscriptions with the names of masters and customers, the coats of arms of European sovereigns, lush floral ornaments, images of heroes and fantastic animals - these are the cannons and mortars of this time. These are genuine masterpieces of foundry craftsmanship and art, and their creators are real artists. The famous cannon master Lofler, for example, is a whole era in the history of artistic casting. Many European monarchs commissioned these formidable works of art from him. Eventually Loefler became one of the richest men and even lent money to his crowned clients.