суббота, 9 мая 2020 г.

News update 07/05/2020 (7623001)

The war of France with the monarchical powers of Europe continued with new bitterness. The names of individual heroes became known throughout the country. For example, the drummer boy Barra became famous for his heroic death. When his enemies demanded that he surrender, shouting "Long live the King!", he refused and died crying "Long live the Republic!"

In France itself, the guillotine worked more and more often, and therefore the period 1793-1794. received the name of the era of terror (lat. "fear"). In October 1793, Queen Marie Antoinette was executed. Of the entire royal family, only one daughter of the king survived in prison, and the heir to the throne (the Dauphin) died under difficult conditions of imprisonment.

The convention adopted the famous "law of suspicious people". This law said: “Suspicious are all those who, by their actions, intercourse, speeches, writings, and by whatever incur suspicion on themselves.” All suspects were arrested. Arrests spread, they increasingly captured the deputies of the Convention themselves. The 73 Girondins remaining in the Convention, who had signed a protest against the violence against the Convention on 2 June, were arrested. On October 9, the first deputy died on the scaffold.

The uprisings raised by the Girondins in several cities prompted a cruel reprisal against their arrested leaders. In October 1793, the Girondins appear before the revolutionary prosecutor Fouquier-Tinville. The court found them guilty of conspiracy and sentenced them to death. One of those arrested immediately stabbed himself with a dagger, another exclaimed: “We are dying because the people are sleeping, and you will die because they will wake up!”

The next day they were executed. Near the scaffold, the convicts sang the Marseillaise. The choir of twenty voices became quieter and quieter: every minute a new head fell. Finally, the last one fell silent. Vergniaud, one of the leaders of the Girondins executed that day, said: "The revolution is like the god Saturn: it devours its own children."

Commissars - envoys of the Convention - with an unwavering hand "put things in order" in the cities of France. By order of the deputy Collot d'Herbois, 210 people were shot at a time in the city of Lyon. When they counted the bodies, they found two extra ones. It was only then that they remembered that two people unsuccessfully tried to prove that they were not sentenced, but policemen.
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The Girondins put the deputy Marat on trial for calling for lynching, but the Revolutionary Tribunal acquitted him. They arrested another extreme Jacobin, the journalist Hebert. Hébert was the editor of the popular newspaper Papa Duchen. This "dad", in whose name the newspaper was printed, was depicted in it as a healthy fellow with a pipe and a pair of pistols in his belt. In his articles, Hébert denounced the Girondins and glorified the cleansing "people's razor", i.e. guillotine. However, soon under the pressure of protests, Eber had to be released.

On June 2, 1793, the Convention was surrounded by tens of thousands of armed Parisians. They demanded the exclusion from the number of deputies of the twenty leaders of the Girondins. The deputies of the Convention tried to leave the building, the surrounding people greeted them with shouts of “Long live the Republic!”, but did not let them through. Dejected, the deputies of the "Marsh" and "Gironde" returned back to the meeting room, at which 163 guns of the rebels were directed. The Jacobin Couton remarked from the podium: "Does the Convention not see that it is free, that it is surrounded by friends?"

First, twenty Girondins were asked to voluntarily resign "for the salvation of the fatherland." Some agreed, others continued to protest. The Girondin Lanjuinet protested particularly vigorously. One of the deputies of the "Mountain", who previously worked as a butcher, shouted to him: "Get off the podium, or I'll kill you!" "Accept first the decree declaring me a bull!" he answered. He was dragged from the podium.

Under the pressure of the cannons, the Convention accepted the proposal of the Jacobins for the exclusion of thirty Girondins. They were placed under house arrest. Power in France passed to the Jacobins and their leaders - Robespierre, Marat, Danton.

On July 13, the Girondist Charlotte Corday killed Marat. A few days later she was guillotined as a murderer.

In October 1793, the Convention, at the suggestion of Deputy Romm, decided to introduce a new, revolutionary calendar. The year now had 12 months of exactly 30 days each. They were called: vandemiere, brumer, frimer, nivoz, pluviose, vantoz, germinal, flore-al, prairial, messidor, thermidor, fructidor, which means: grape, foggy, frosty (autumn), snowy, rainy, windy (winter ), germinating, flowering, meadow (spring), reaping, hot, fruiting (summer). In addition, there were five holidays in the year - Genius, Labor, Action, Reward, Opinion, and in a leap year there was another holiday - Revolution. A new era began on the day of the autumn equinox and simultaneously on the day after the proclamation of the Republic, September 22, 1792: the 1st Vendemière of the 1st year. The revolutionary chronology existed in France for 12 years. In these years, when it was necessary to give the date according to the Christian calendar, they said "such and such a date of such and such a year according to the slave style."
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The Commissioners of the Convention issued emergency orders throughout France. The deputy Saint-Just, for example, gave such an unusual order: to confiscate 10 thousand pairs of boots from the aristocrats of the city of Strasbourg and send them to the army, where many soldiers are forced to do without shoes.

Meanwhile, disagreements were beginning in the very camp of the Jacobins. Robespierre, the head of the all-powerful Committee of Public Safety, then enjoyed the greatest influence among them. But there were also two other influential currents - the extreme Jacobins, nicknamed the "mad ones", who were led by Hébert and Chaumette, and the so-called "moderate" Jacobins - Danton and his supporters. These two groups fought each other.

Hébert, nicknamed "Papa Duchenne" by the name of his newspaper, called on the people to revolt in order to deal with the "moderates" in the Convention. He and his supporters were arrested for these calls, and in March 1794 the "people's razor" cut off their heads as well.

What is it? A victory for Danton's group? Robespierre solemnly embraced Danton on the podium of the Convention, threateningly asking those present: “Do you know a better citizen than him?” Meanwhile, rumors began to spread that a decree had already been signed for the arrest of Danton. Friends urged him to flee the country. But he refused: “You can’t take your fatherland with you on the soles of your boots!”

In April 1794, Danton, his friend Camille Des-moulins and his other supporters were arrested. Danton remarked while in prison: “A year ago I proposed the establishment of a Revolutionary Tribunal. Now I ask for forgiveness from God and people for this. In court, Danton defended himself with extraordinary eloquence, it seemed that a little more, and the process would fail. Concerned, the Committee of Public Safety issued a special decree to end the debate at the trial. Outraged, Camille Desmoulins crumpled up his defense speech, which he was not allowed to deliver, and threw it in the face of the prosecutor Fouquier-Tenville. The tribunal sentenced Danton and his friends to death. Danton predicted that Robespierre would follow him. He told the executioner: "Show my head to the people, it's worth it."













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