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The energy of the people was looking for an outlet. A rumor spread around the city that the gloomy fortress-prison Bastille would become the place of concentration of troops in Paris, that its guns were aimed at the city. Having seized the armory, the Parisian people began to prepare to storm the citadel. The object for the attack was precisely chosen: all estates equally hated the sinister symbol of arbitrariness.

On July 14, 1789, an armed mob surrounded the prison. At first, the besiegers tried to achieve the surrender of the fortress by peaceful means and sent truce truants for negotiations. However, they were met with rifle shots. This provoked the fury of the crowd, the chains of the drawbridges were chopped off, and the besiegers broke into the fortress. At the same time, about a hundred attackers died. Seven prisoners were released; they were mostly women of easy virtue and the mentally ill, who were urgently transferred to another detention house. The people tore to pieces the commandant of the Bastille Delaunay.

On the night of July 14-15, the Duke of La Rochefoucauld-Lian-Cours woke up Louis XVI and informed him of the taking of the Bastille. To the king's question, "Well, is this a riot?", the duke replied: "Sire, this is a revolution." After reflection, the king adopted the decision to yield to the revolutionary current "so that not a single drop of people's blood is shed." Having visited Paris, he decorated his hat with a revolutionary cockade and expressed his approval of what had happened. He was given a solemn reception. Bastille Day on July 14 is a national holiday in France. The prison building itself was destroyed shortly after the storming of the fortress. Above the platform where the prison stood, there was an inscription "Here they dance."

On August 6, 1789, the Constituent Assembly adopted a decree abolishing the feudal rights of the nobility, although leaving the vast landed estates of the nobles intact. Feudal duties were abolished not free of charge, but for a large ransom. In reality, however, the peasants never paid the prescribed ransom. After reading the first line of the decree "The Constituent Assembly completely abolishes the feudal order", most of them came to the firm conviction that from that day on they owed nothing to their lords.

The Constituent Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, beginning with the famous words: "People are born and remain free and equal in rights." It enshrined the rights to "freedom, property, security, and resistance to oppression" as inalienable human rights.

In the assembly, the deputies were divided according to their views. The “Right” stood out, i.e. those on the right, the supporters of caution, moderation, and order; and the "left," those on the left, the revolutionaries and supporters of change. Since then, the terms "right" and "left" have been used in these senses.

In October 1789, revolutionary-minded Parisians organized a "campaign to Versailles", demanding that the king move to Paris. The love for the king was still strong among the people, but the inhabitants of the capital wanted to limit the intrigues of the royal entourage. The king obeyed the demands of the people. Thus, he gave himself into the hands of the citizens of the capital, i.e. into the hands of the revolution. Together with Louis XVI, the Constituent Assembly also moved to Paris.

On July 14, 1790, on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, one of the first colorful revolutionary celebrations took place on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Deputies and ordinary workers worked together on the preparation of the holiday; even the king himself came to work with a shovel in the field for a while. It seemed that an atmosphere of brotherhood and trust was firmly established in France. But this impression was deceptive, and soon there was no trace of the idyll.

Finishing its activity, which turned over the whole old order of France, the Constituent Assembly decided that none of its deputies should be elected to the new Legislative Assembly. Maximilien Robespierre, a member of the extreme left group (consisting of a dozen people), expressed the general feeling: "We are victorious, but tired athletes."

The man who, against his will, pushed the revolution further and broke the established balance was Louis XVI. After long hesitation, he decided to secretly leave Paris with his family and, with the support of foreign powers, begin an open struggle against the revolution, for the restoration of absolute monarchy and the old order.

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Expecting to strengthen their influence with military successes and force the changeable royal power to unconditionally take the side of the revolution, the Girondins began to demand that France declare war on neighboring powers. As a pretext, they pointed to the activities of French emigrants on their territory - the monarchist-minded nobility and the brothers of the king.

The slogan "War!" was taken up by the majority of deputies. Only a few extreme “leftists” dared to oppose this: Marat, Robespierre, and others. One of the few newspapers that opposed the war responded in this way to the words of the Girondin Brissot that “the honor of the French was offended”: “Free people never knew what honor is .

Honor is the property of slaves. Let the people be virtuous, let them be strong, but honor ... What does the French nation care about the opinion of a handful of tyrants who fled at the dawn of freedom?

To the words of the Girondin Vergniaud that "glory awaits the French", the newspaper exclaimed: "We do not want glory, we want only happiness."

On April 20, 1792, the King and the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria. This war was destined to last (with the involvement of most European powers in it) and take the lives of millions of people.

The war began with setbacks for the French troops. There was growing dissatisfaction among the Parisian population with the wavering position of royal power. On June 20, 1792, crowds of people broke into the Tuileries Palace. The king, standing at the window, put on his head a red Phrygian cap - a symbol of liberation and equality. In ancient Rome, such a cap was put on the head of a freed slave. The future military dictator of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, at that moment an unknown young lieutenant, standing in the crowd, exclaimed: “What a coward! How could these channels be let in! It was necessary to sweep away 500-600 people with cannons, the rest would have fled1 "

The meeting proclaimed in connection with the difficult situation at the front that "the fatherland is in danger." In the spring of 1792, a few days after the start of the war, the young sapper captain Claude Joseph Rouge de Lisle, in a fit of inspiration, wrote the text of the famous Marseillaise in one night, which later became the French national anthem. Her words in one of the Russian translations sound like this:

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Forward, sons of the dear Fatherland,

The moment of glory is coming.

To us the tyranny of black power

Comes with a blood banner.

You hear already in the valleys

Soldiers angry roar.

They will come to us, and they will come to us,

To strangle innocent children.

To arms, citizens!

Equalize the military formation!

Forward, forward, so that the enemy's blood

Was in the ground damp.

Forward, shoulder to shoulder,

Sacred to the motherland is love.

Forward, dear freedom,

Inspire us again and again.

The “Song of the Marseilles” (the Parisians first heard it from the Marseilles detachments) caused such a patriotic upsurge in the troops that sometimes the commanders asked to send “either reinforcements, or a thousand leaflets with the Marseillaise”.

On August 10, 1792, crowds of Parisians began to prepare for the assault on the Tuileries Palace. The uprising was led by the Paris Commune, created on the night of August 9-10, the revolutionary city government. The king decided to leave the palace with his family, without waiting for the assault, and came to the Legislative Assembly.

Entering, in accordance with the protocol, he took a place near the chairman and said: "I have come here to avoid a serious crime, and I will always consider myself and my family safe among the representatives of the nation."

Chairman Vergniaud answered him: “The Assembly knows its duties. It swore to protect the rights of the people and the established authorities.

Soon it became known that the Tuileries Palace was taken by the armed people. The Legislative Assembly decided to remove the king from power and convene a new supreme body of power - the National Convention. Louis XVI was escorted to one of the royal palaces, and a few days later he was arrested and placed in the Temple prison.

On August 11, the monarchy was effectively abolished in France. And just a month before, on July 7, Bishop Lamourette called on the opposing parties - Girondins and Moderates - to embrace and fraternally reconcile as a sign that they equally hated the Republic, which was done! Later, Robespierre's colleague Saint-Just remarked: "We did not know where the mysterious power of things was leading us." This remark was true, of course, for the entire period of the revolution.

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The radical journalist Jean Paul Marat openly warned of the king's secret designs in his newspaper The Friend of the People on June 6, 1791: "Citizens, we have never been in such dire danger: redouble your zeal, guard the Tuileries Palace to prevent the flight of the royal family ".

On the night of June 20, the king and his family left the royal palace of the Tuileries and headed for the border. The teacher of the royal children portrayed the Russian Baroness Korf, the queen turned into her governess, and the king, who put on a wig, became a footman. However, the attempt to escape was unsuccessful: on June 22, the king, carelessly looking out of the carriage window, was recognized and detained in the city of Varennes. The Constituent Assembly, which had previously announced that the king had been “abducted,” sent three of its deputies to return the fugitive monarch to the capital. The king told them that he had no intention of leaving France. Hearing these words, one of the deputies, Barnave, pompously said: "These are the words that will save France!"

Returning to Paris, Barnave delivered an impassioned speech in defense of the king in the Constituent Assembly, which also reflected the opinion of the majority of deputies: “Now all changes are harmful, any continuation of the revolution is ruinous. Are we going to end the revolution? Or shall we start over? Another step along the path of freedom would mean the overthrow of royalty, another step along the path of equality would mean the destruction of property. The deputies greeted Barnave's speech with applause, and not one of them, including the far left, dared to utter the word "republic".

On July 17, on the Champ de Mars, the national guards opened fire on demonstrators who were collecting signatures for a petition demanding a trial of the king. Several dozen people were killed and wounded. But again, all responsibility for what happened was placed on the demonstrators, and none of the members of the Constituent Assembly dared to speak in their defense. France was not ready to overthrow the royal power.

Having approved the constitution, the Constituent Assembly dispersed. On October 1, 1791, a new Legislative Assembly began its work. It was dominated by a group of deputies who occupied more radical positions than the leaders of the previous stage of the revolution - Barnave, Mirabeau and others. After the department of the Gironde, from which many of them were elected, they later received the name "Girondins".

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