Media, News, Publishing: News update 05/05/2020 (8237)

On May 18, 1804, by a Senate decree, the administration of the republic was transferred to Emperor Napoleon I. At the same time, he was appointed to the highest state and military ranks. The highest rank was introduced in the army, which was abolished by the revolution, overthrowing the power of the king - marshal of France. This rank was given to 18 most worthy generals of the French army.

In the 90s. In the 18th century, when France waged uninterrupted revolutionary wars, young and talented military leaders quickly came to the fore. For 3-4 years they reached the heights of glory, having gone from sergeant to divisional general and becoming commanders of armies. It was to them that the republic owed many glorious victories. True, the young generals did not remain in their high posts for long. Military happiness is capricious. Even more capricious were successive governments. After the slightest setback, capable commanders put their heads under the guillotine knife. A little more - and one of the most talented generals, Lazar Gosh, who received this title at the age of 25, would have lost his life.

Political instability is not the only thing that threatened the young military. Premature death on the battlefield from a stray bullet, death at the hands of fanatics or superhuman exertion pulled the best from their ranks. This is how Marceau (1796), Joubert (1799), Desex (1800), Kleber (1800) and the same Gauche (1797) perished. All of them could successfully compete with Bonaparte in glory, if fate had not decreed otherwise.

But among those who went over to his side after the coup of 18 Brumaire were famous military leaders, whose names France recognized long before Napoleon. It was they who became marshals in the first place: the rough and simple-hearted Lefebvre and Jourdan, who distinguished themselves back in 1792, the cunning, greedy and fantastically talented Massena, who proved himself a worthy rival to Suvorov, the eternally intriguing giant Augereau, who aroused secret fears of the Directory, gray-haired Kellermann, the first brought victory to the French Republic at Valmy in 1792, etc.

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Napoleon was amazingly able to guess people with outstanding abilities. Not a single one of his marshals can be called a mediocrity who received a rank due to origin or kinship, as was the case in all other states. No wonder the French army was winning. Napoleon made exceptional demands on his military: the exact fulfillment of the assigned task, the ability to take the initiative and work hard. Not many people could handle that kind of pressure. Massena was the first to "break" - one of the most active and talented marshals. Long campaigns, constant hardships undermined the health of this middle-aged commander.

The marshals were connected more by a military brotherhood than by friendship (mutual dislike was not uncommon). The peculiar caste system of the highest military ranks forced them to stay together and apart from other statesmen. Any attacks or injustice towards any of them caused a storm of protest, which the emperor could not ignore. But such unity was manifested only in relation to the authorities. Rivalry over fame made them sometimes implacable enemies. In one of the operations in which Murat and Lannes participated, Napoleon praised only one, placing the victory in his merit. Since then, the Gascons have almost stopped talking to each other. Massena, whose great talent aroused undisguised envy, almost fell victim to the slander that Su-chet and Soult raised against him.

The unsuccessful campaign of 1812, when the French army practically ceased to exist, and the best military leaders were demoralized, also affected the hostilities of 1813. Showered with caresses and favors from the emperor, who had long ago received everything one could dream of in a military career - fame, money , titles, - the marshals have lost their fighting enthusiasm. What was good in my youth, when my whole life was ahead, turned out to be painful and unnecessary by the age of 40. Tired and embittered, tired of the frequent whims of the aged emperor who entered the role of ruler of the world, after Napoleon's abdication, they all went to the service of King Louis XVTII. Yes, and they also forced Napoleon to abdicate, refusing (perhaps for the first time in his life!) to die for their emperor.

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Napoleon did not forget his generals, who went with him through the fire of the Italian campaign and visited Egypt. The "cohort of Bonaparte", selected and educated by the emperor himself, shone with their talents no less than the gray-haired heroes of the nation. Berthier, Murat, Davout, Lannes rightfully received the title of marshals of France.

From the beginning of the consulate, and even more so from the beginning of the empire, France waged incessant wars. Almost the entire history of the Napoleonic campaigns could be traced by the titles of marshals: Lannes - Duke of Montebello, Massena - Prince of Essling, Berthier - Prince of Wagram, Davout - Duke of Auer-Stedt.

Napoleon highly valued the talents of his military leaders. Their incomes grew from year to year, all marshals became sovereign dukes. But the price that had to be paid for the honor and favors that fell like from a cornucopia was very high - life. They paid with their blood for a privileged position. Not to mention the wounds, which all the marshals had abound, the war pulled out the best from their ranks. In 1809, Lassalle died, who was supposed to become a marshal any day now. In the same year, Lannes was killed, whose death proved to be an irreparable loss for the army.

Almost all the highest ranks in Napoleon's army did not receive a special military education. Life itself replenished their knowledge and skills. The motley social composition of the generals, where aristocrats coexisted with commoners, gave the emperor reason to assert that a marshal's baton was in every soldier's satchel.

The generals and marshals of France, returning to Paris after a long separation from him, gave vent to their seething energy. Constant scandals, which were reported in detail by the Monitor in the gossip column, the destruction of restaurants, duels, fantastic losses, horse races, cards - this is a far from complete description of the "peculiarities" of leisure for most of the highest army ranks. It could hardly be called rest. But people who spent only weeks at home and were accustomed to oppose brute force to any law did not consider decency. They burst into the high society like a hurricane and set their own rules of conduct. The huge money they paid with their blood seemed ridiculous to them. The uniform robbery committed in Spain by Massena and Soult was striking in its size. Everything became his object: churches, rich houses, royal palaces. The old smuggler Massena did not stop at the violation of the Continental blockade policy pursued by Napoleon, having received more than 6 million francs from this.

Under royal rule, all marshals retained their ranks and ranks. Nothing seemed to disturb the quiet life they longed for. And suddenly, in 1815, Napoleon landed in France. Against him were thrown troops commanded by his associates - those who owed him a lot. Most of them remained Bonapartists at heart and remembered their revolutionary past too well to take the side of the king against the returned Napoleon. Already feeling the arrogance and contempt of the royalists, Ney, Murat, Davout, Soult, Brun and many others went over to his side, forgetting and forgiving their emperor past grievances. It seemed that youth was returning. But Bonaparte was no longer the same, and the ranks of his "cousins", as he called the marshals, had thinned out. Massena did not return, considering himself too old for a new adventure; Marmont, who received the rank of marshal only in

1809, and only thanks to the personal disposition of Napoleon, he did not dare to leave his new masters, betraying an old friend. Is it just them!

Napoleon's time was running out. Wars and glory left with him. After the defeat of Bonaparte at Waterloo, those who went over to his side suffered a sad fate. Some of them died: Ney and Murat were shot, Brun was torn to pieces in Avignon by brutal royalists. The rest were fired. And of those who remained loyal to the king, few distinguished themselves later. Service with Napoleon, which drew out all the strength, numerous wounds and humble origins left them out of a new life. The heroic time is over.

Nevertheless, the marshals of France had a significant impact on European history at the beginning of the 19th century. The best, bravest, most talented commanders, they did everything to make the glory of France and Napoleon shine in full force.

Joachim Murat (1771-1815) - one of the most prominent commanders of Napoleon. Recklessly bold, generous, kind, he was "the bravest of kings and the king of the brave," as Bonaparte called him. His crazy outfits shocked the Parisian society. They say that in the most dangerous battles he went dressed especially brightly. The permanent commander of the cavalry in the French army, he was the best cavalryman in Europe.

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четверг, 7 мая 2020 г.

News update 05/05/2020 (8237)

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