Media, News, Publishing: News update 21/05/2020 (7790)

The Generation of Geniuses is a name given by researchers to a brilliant galaxy of German thinkers who worked in the last decades of the 18th century. - the first half of the 19th century The name of Alexander Humboldt rightfully stands in this row, along with the names of Goethe, Schiller, Hegel.

Alas, sometimes geniuses make mistakes. Schiller wrote in a letter to one of his friends on August 25, 1789: “Alexander Humboldt will not do anything truly great in science. Trivial, tossing vanity is the force that underlies all his actions. Fortunately for world science, the outstanding writer did not turn out to be a visionary.

Humboldt was born on September 14, 1769 in Berlin into an aristocratic family. His youth fell on the era of "storm and stress" famous in the history of German culture. And although the “storm” captured primarily literature, its atmosphere of creative search and innovation, as well as the desire to expand the boundaries of knowledge, characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment, captivated the inquisitive Berlin youth. He is interested in mineralogy, painting, history, astronomy, philosophy, economics. In his youth, another passion appears - travel, which eventually determined his fate as a scientist.

The doors of all German universities are open before him. He studies in Berlin, Frankfurt an der Oder, Göttingen, as well as at the Freiburg Mining Academy. Humboldt's first successes came very early. In painting, they are more modest than in other areas, but in 1786 the Berlin Art Salon exhibited a copy of one of Rembrandt's paintings he made.

In 1790, the first scientific work of the future encyclopedist "Mineralogical observations on some Rhine basalts" was published. Then it seemed that geology would become his main life path. Until 1797, he was really engaged in the organization of mining, but, having received an inheritance, he left the service. There was an opportunity to devote himself exclusively to scientific research.

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Did he have the vanity that Schiller spoke of? Probably yes. But not rushing about, not miserable, not a desire to reach some heights at any cost. No, he was pushed to the heights of science by spirituality, an irrepressible thirst for knowledge, and a constant desire for self-improvement. For this, he was ready to do anything. Indeed, Humboldt sacrificed a lot for science, in particular his personal life.

Apparently, he took seriously the words of the French comedian of the 17th century. Charles Dufresnes: "A married genius is a barren genius." The literary and philosophical salons that were in vogue in the years of his youth provided ample opportunity for communication with the most beautiful girls, who, as a rule, became "queens", mistresses of the salons. A long tradition obligated young people to fall in love with "queens". That is how Humboldt's elder brother, the future famous philologist Wilhelm, found his Carolina. However, Alexander's family did not work out, science turned out to be his only love.

A few decades later, Humboldt will be compared with Aristotle, Columbus, Marx, and Hugo will call him a "genius of discoveries." All these epithets are well deserved. He is one of the founders of scientific meteorology, physical geography, scientific regional studies, and plant geography. He contributed to the study of volcanoes and earthquakes. He calculated the average heights of the continents, gave detailed characteristics of the continental and maritime climate, and worked out the questions of the geographic distribution of magnetic phenomena. This is not a complete list of the scientist's scientific merits.

In 1798, Humboldt met in Paris with the French naturalist Bonplein. The young people vowed to travel around the world and explore Africa. However, soon life made adjustments to these plans. Mariano Luis Urquijo, who headed the Spanish government in 1799, helped them organize a scientific expedition to the Western Hemisphere. For five years (1799-1804) Humboldt visited Venezuela, New Granada (Colombia), Guiana. Cuba, Peru, Mexico and USA. He explored the Orinoco and Amazon river basins, crossed the Andes, climbed the Pichincha and Cotopaxi volcanoes.

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In Europe, this "second discovery of America" aroused great interest. As some biographers wrote, Humboldt became the most famous person after Napoleon I. He is a welcome guest of all European academies. At home, he is offered the post of Minister of Education. However, the scientist moves to the "capital of the world" Paris to process the materials of the expedition. A huge analytical work begins, in which Humboldt is helped by like-minded friends, French scientists Georges Cuvier and Joseph Gay-Lussac.

More than two decades were given to the preparation of the 30-volume work "Journey through the tropical regions of the New World, made in 1799-1804." And, although the scientist did not manage to fully realize his plan and individual volumes were never prepared for publication, a genuine encyclopedia came out from Humboldt's pen.

On its pages, readers found a description of the flora, astronomical observations, materials on zoology and comparative astronomy, a socio-economic and political study of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), a two-volume analysis of the economy and trade of Cuba, and much more. An example of his scientific foresight is his conviction in the historical inevitability of the construction of the Panama Canal.

In 1807, one of Humboldt's most popular works, Pictures of Nature, was published. Here, for the first time, many questions of plant geography were raised. In 1829, he traveled to Russia, visited the Urals and Altai, explored the Caspian Sea and was the first to suggest the possibility of mining Ural diamonds. The results of this journey were reflected in the two-volume book devoted to the geology and climatology of Asia, and in the three-volume book "Central Asia" (30-40s of the 19th century).

William Shakespeare compared old age with the period of infancy: a person is forgetful, he has a meaningless look, missing teeth and a sense of taste, complete desolation in the soul. Alexander Humboldt refuted this formula in all respects. At the age of 76, he began working on the main work of his life - the book "Cosmos". His goal was to collect in one work all the knowledge available at that time about the Universe and the Earth. Following Goethe

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