Media, News, Publishing: News update 24/05/2020 (755)

How did the design of handguns change in the 15th century? First of all, the trunk lengthened. The bullet, rushing in its channel, naturally hit its walls, they corrected its flight, and it became more direct. At the end of the XV century. weapons with rifled barrels appeared - their channels were not smooth, as before, but with special grooves that directed the bullet. The front sight was located closer to the muzzle - it became much more convenient to aim. A very important improvement is the transfer of the ignition hole to the side (right) side of the barrel. A “shelf” (a ledge with a recess) appeared under it. Gunpowder was poured onto the shelf and covered with a hinged lid. The gunpowder was set on fire, and, flashing, it transmitted fire through the pilot hole into the barrel. The gunpowder on the shelf was called "seed", and the hole in the barrel was now denoted by the same word.

The gunpowder itself has improved. In the XIV century. it was the so-called "powder pulp" - a powder of sulfur, saltpeter and coal, the particles of which had different masses and therefore, during long-term storage, and especially during shaking, the heavier ones settled to the bottom of the container. In the last quarter of the 15th century, special mills began to produce stronger and more reliable granulated gunpowder.

And, perhaps, the main improvement is the so-called lock, the charge ignition mechanism. The earliest castle is commonly called a matchlock. It was extremely simple: a C- or S-shaped trigger with a smoldering wick clamped in its head, when the trigger was pressed, smoothly lowered onto the powder shelf and ignited the seed powder, after which it was pulled back by means of a spring. Both the trigger and the springs were mounted on a keyboard - a metal bar attached to the bed. Later, a shelf was attached to the same bar. Now the attention of the shooter was focused only on aiming. It was no longer necessary to simultaneously ensure that the wick, clamped in the fingers, touched the shelf exactly at the right moment for an accurate shot. The appearance of the castle led to a rapid change in the shape of the box: after all, the hand freed from the wick could now support it. The butt is gradually formed - the back of the stock, resting against the shoulder.

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Matchlock weapons existed in Europe until the end of the 17th century, and in some countries of the East they fell out of use only a century ago. One of its biggest advantages is its extreme ease of manufacture. Entire military detachments were armed with it.

Arquebuses of the European infantry of the late XV - early XVI centuries. - landsknechts - heavy, even with straight or slightly curved butts. The springs of their triggers are on the outer sides of the keyboards. Antique engravings depict even squares of such infantry, shrouded in powder smoke, moving across the battlefields. Next to them are other squares, above each of which is a forest of peaks. Over time, the first squares become more and more.

In the middle of the XVI century. muskets appear - long guns, wide faceted butts of which can be pressed tightly to the shoulder. The musketeer gunner has become, perhaps, the most prominent figure on the battlefield, significantly pushing the pikeman. A famously broken wide-brimmed hat with feathers or an iron helmet - "morion", a cuirass or a leather jacket, knee-length wide trousers, stockings and shoes with bows - such is the appearance of a musketeer of the 16th-17th centuries. Over his left shoulder he has a belt - a bandelier with ammunition suspended in special cases, a sword on his side, and a bipod in his hand (an emphasis with a fork on which a musket is placed during firing). Musketeers are a formidable force, capable of deciding the outcome of a major battle with their fire. A musketeer detachment built in battle formation cannot be approached: while its front rank is firing, the rear ones are loading their weapons, and friendly volleys follow one after another. The formation of the musketeers - “karakole” (“snail”) - consisted of 10 ranks and 12 ranks, and the Swedish soldiers of the army of Gustav II Adolf, famous for the coherence of their actions, were built in 6 ranks, which, with the same number of shooters, doubled the strength of the volley. Thus, the low rate of fire of each individual barrel was fully compensated by the coherence of the actions of the soldiers. If the enemy broke into battle formations, heavy combat swords were used.

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Musket in the European armies of the XVI-XVII centuries. - the predominant, but by no means the only type of firearms. Carbines became very popular with cavalrymen - short guns, convenient for shooting from a horse, and pistols, which were originally exclusively cavalry weapons. Their locks, however, are most often not matchlocks, but much more complex in design - wheel or shock-flint.

The wheeled castle appears at the very beginning of the 16th century. Germany and Flanders argued over priority in his invention. However, at the end of the fifteenth century the great Leonardo da Vinci worked on a similar design. The wheel lock did not require a constantly smoldering wick for firing, like a wick. The pre-cocked mechanism of the wheel lock, when the trigger was pressed, began to quickly rotate the wheel with a notched edge. At the same time, a trigger with a flint clamped in it was lowered onto the wheel. The resulting sparks fell on a shelf of gunpowder.

However, wheel locks were unnecessarily complex. Aristocrats used hunting weapons with this ignition system as early as the 18th century, but soldiers were more fond of another type of lock - flintlock. The spark that ignited the gunpowder was cut out not by friction, but by a strong blow of the flint, clamped in the jaws of the trigger, against a movable metal plate - a flint and flint, lowered onto a shelf. There are many variants of the flintlock lock. The most perfect of them is French, sometimes called battery or classical. It was invented at the beginning of the 18th century. Marin le Bourgeois and existed in European armies until the second half of the 19th century, and in hunting weapons until the beginning of the 20th century. The mechanism of the flint lock is mounted on the inside of the board, all its action is amazingly thought out. In order to avoid an accidental shot, the trigger has two platoons: combat and safety. The lock flint, bent at a right angle, also serves as a shelf lid.

The invention of the battery lock led to a number of improvements in firearms. Breech-loading, multi-shot and multi-barreled guns and pistols appeared. The faceted musket butt was replaced by a lighter (“French”) one with a long neck, which was easily covered by the right hand of the shooter. The gun became a universal weapon: the appearance of a bayonet and the lightening of the box allowed them to act in hand-to-hand combat. Pikemen have almost disappeared from the battlefield. “Kill with a bayonet, butt with a butt” - this command sounded in different languages, and sometimes the firearms of a gun were considered even something of secondary importance: the outcome of a battle at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries often decided by a powerful bayonet strike of infantry built in deep columns. "A bullet is a fool, a bayonet is a fine fellow," - these words of Suvorov could be repeated by many commanders - his contemporaries.

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вторник, 26 мая 2020 г.

News update 24/05/2020 (755)

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