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In the summer and autumn of 1940, fascist Italy became noticeably more active. At the height of the German offensive in France, Mussolini's government declared war on England and France. In September of the same year, a document was signed in Berlin on the creation between Germany, Italy and Japan of a tripartite military-political alliance between them. A month later, Italian troops, supported by the Germans, invaded Greece, and in April 1941, Yugoslavia. The British landed troops in Greece, but failed. Bulgaria was forced to join the tripartite alliance. As a result, by the summer of 1941, at the time of the attack on the Soviet Union, most of Western Europe was under the control of Germany and Italy; among the large countries, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal remained neutral.

In 1940, a large-scale war began on the African continent as well. Hitler's plans included the creation there on the basis of the former possessions of Germany (Cameroon, Togo, Southwest and East Africa) and the Belgian Congo, with its richest ore and mineral reserves, a colonial empire. It was also to include French Equatorial Africa, Nigeria, Northern Rhodesia and Kenya. The Union of South Africa was supposed to be turned into a pro-fascist dependent state, and the island of Madagascar into a reserve for Jews expelled from Europe.

Italy, on the other hand, hoped to expand its possessions in Africa at the expense of a significant part of Egypt, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, French and British Somalia. Together with the previously captured Libya and Ethiopia, they were to become part of the "Great Roman Empire", the creation of which the Italian fascists dreamed of.

In Ethiopia, however, resistance to the fascist regime did not stop. Many Italian strongholds were blocked by partisans. Thousands of people fled to neighboring British possessions - Kenya and Sudan - in the hope of military support from England and returning to their homeland in arms. In June 1940, the emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, arrived in Sudan from exile and led the armed struggle for the liberation of his country.
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In June 1940, the Italians launched an offensive against the British in Libya and Northeast Africa. About two-thirds of the Italian troops were African colonial units and auxiliaries. Attempts by the Italians to organize an offensive from the territory of Ethiopia into the depths of Sudan and Kenya did not bring success. Only in British Somalia did they manage in August 1940 to force out the significantly inferior African and Indian units across the strait to the British colony of Aden.

September 1940 - January 1941. failed the Italian offensive, undertaken to capture the port of Alexandria in Egypt and the Suez Canal. Going on a counteroffensive, the English army "Nile" inflicted a crushing defeat on the Italians in Libya, their losses as prisoners alone amounted to over 130 thousand soldiers and officers.

In January-March 1941, British regular and colonial troops defeated the Italian grouping in Somalia. In Ethiopia, the guerrillas cut the most important roads. Mass desertion began in the Italian colonial troops, individual units in full strength went over to the side of the partisans. In April 1941, British and South African troops and partisans entered the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. The Italians were completely defeated.

This forced the German command in early 1941 to transfer to North Africa, in Tripoli, the expeditionary force of Rommel, one of the most capable military leaders in Germany. At the end of March 1941, Rommel, later nicknamed the "desert fox" for his skillful actions in Africa, went on the offensive and two weeks later reached the Egyptian border. The British lost many strongholds, retaining only the fortress of Tobruk, which protected the path inland to the Nile. Tougher battles ensued. By the beginning of 1942, the British managed to lift the siege of Tobruk. However, in January 1942, Rommel suddenly went on the offensive, and in June 1942 the fortress fell, and 33,000 of its defenders were captured. This was the last success of the Germans. Having concentrated reinforcements and cutting off enemy supply routes from the Mediterranean, the British liberated the territory of Egypt.

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