воскресенье, 25 апреля 2021 г.

Каталония Барселона



At the end of May 1212, unusual wanderers suddenly descended on the German city of Cologne on the banks of the Rhine. A whole crowd of children filled the city streets. They knocked on the doors of houses and asked for alms. But these were no ordinary beggars. Cloth black and red crosses were sewn onto the clothes of the children, and when asked by the townspeople, they answered that they were going to the Holy Land in order to liberate the city of Jerusalem from the infidels. The little crusaders were led by a boy of ten years old, who carried an iron cross in his hands. The boy's name was Nikl As, and he told how an angel appeared to him in a dream and told him that Jerusalem would not be liberated by mighty kings and knights, but by unarmed children, who would be led by the Lord's will. By the grace of God, the sea will part, and they will come on dry land to the Holy Land, and the Saracens, fearful, will retreat before this army. Many wished to become followers of the little preacher. Not listening to the exhortations of their fathers and mothers, they set off on their journey to liberate Jerusalem. Crowds and small groups of children went south to the sea. The Pope himself glorified their campaign. He said: “These children serve as a reproach to us adults. While we sleep, they are happy to stand up for the Holy Land.”


But in fact, there was little joy in all this. On the road, children died of hunger and thirst, and for a long time the peasants found the corpses of little crusaders along the roads and buried them. The end of the campaign was even sadder: of course, the sea did not part before the children who had difficulty reaching it, and enterprising merchants, as if undertaking to transport pilgrims to the Holy Land, simply sold the children into slavery.


But not only children thought about the liberation of the Holy Land and the Holy Sepulcher, located, according to legend, in Jerusalem. Having sewn crosses on shirts, cloaks and banners, peasants, knights, kings rushed to the East. This happened in the 11th century, when the Seljuk Turks, having captured almost all of Asia Minor, in 1071 became the masters of Jerusalem, the holy city of Christians. For Christian Europe, this was terrible news. Muslim Turks were considered by Europeans not only as "subhuman" - worse! - minions of the devil. The Holy Land, where Christ was born, lived and martyred, now turned out to be inaccessible to pilgrims, and yet a pious journey to the shrines was not only a commendable deed, but could also become an atonement for sins both for a poor peasant and for a noble lord. Soon rumors began to reach about the atrocities committed by the "damned non-Christs", about the brutal torments to which they allegedly subjected the unfortunate Christians. The European Christian looked with hatred towards the East. But troubles also came to the lands of Europe itself.

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The end of the 11th century was the hardest time for Europeans. Beginning in 1089, many misfortunes befell them. Plague visited Lorraine, an earthquake occurred in Northern Germany. Harsh winters gave way to summer drought, after which floods occurred, crop failure gave rise to famine. Entire villages died out, people engaged in cannibalism. But no less than from natural disasters and diseases, the peasants suffered from unbearable requisitions and extortion from seniors. Driven to despair, whole villages fled wherever they looked, while others went to monasteries or sought salvation in a hermit life.


The feudal lords also did not feel confident. Unable to be satisfied with what the peasants gave them (many of whom were killed by hunger and disease), the lords began to seize new lands. There were no more free lands left, so large lords began to take away estates from small and medium feudal lords. On the most insignificant occasion, internecine strife broke out, and the owner, expelled from his estate, joined the ranks of the landless knights. The younger sons of noble masters also remained without land. The castle and land were inherited only by the eldest son - the rest were forced to share horses, weapons and armor among themselves. Landless knights indulged in robbery, attacking weak castles, and more often ruthlessly robbing the already impoverished peasants. Monasteries that were not ready for defense were especially desired prey. United in gangs, noble gentlemen, like simple robbers, roamed the roads.


An evil and turbulent time has come in Europe. A peasant whose crops were burned by the sun, and a robber knight whose house; a senior who does not know where to get the means for a life worthy of his position; a monk, longingly looking at the monastery economy ruined by “noble” robbers, not having time to bury those who died from hunger and disease, all of them turned their eyes to God in confusion and grief. Why is he punishing them? What mortal sins have they committed? How to redeem them? And is it not because the wrath of the Lord overtook the world that the Holy Land - the place of atonement for sins - is trampled on by the "servants of the devil", the damned Saracens? Again the eyes of the Christians turned to the East, not only with hatred, but also with hope.


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