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Abraham Lincoln was an opponent of slavery. At the age of 18, Lincoln traveled to New Orleans, the largest slave trading center in the South. He was shocked that people were sold like animals in the city market. “I hate slavery because slavery itself is monstrously unjust,” Lincoln said. But as a politician, he understood that attempts to put an end to the shameful phenomenon with drastic measures would only lead to war and the collapse of the state. Close he admitted that the question of the abolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union of States is for him the most difficult problem. Therefore, in his political statements, he was extremely cautious.

Lincoln believed that the preservation of the Union was more important than all other problems. “Despite the fact that I hate slavery, I would rather agree to its expansion than see the Union collapse,” he said. The prospect of a struggle between the South and the North of the country seemed to Lincoln like this: “A house destroyed by quarrels cannot stand. I am sure that the current government cannot be stable by remaining half slave, half free. I do not expect that the Union will be dissolved, that the house will collapse, and I believe that discord in it will cease. He will become either completely free or completely slave." Lincoln was confident in the possibility of a peaceful solution to the dispute between the North and the South. In his heart, he hoped that if slavery was limited only to the southern states, then gradually it would die out on its own. Slave labor led to the fact that the land was poorly cultivated and quickly became scarce, and the planters, in order to profit from their farms, had to constantly expand the territories of their possessions.

Late 50s. 19th century was a turning point in Lincoln's life. Actively participating in political disputes, he gained fame throughout the country. Speaking in various parts of the country, Lincoln proved himself to be an intelligent and cautious politician. He did not support the demand for the abolition of slavery and tried with all his might to prevent a civil war. At the Republican Party meeting in Chicago, Lincoln was nominated for the presidency. Now there was a difficult struggle with the candidates of the Democrats who supported the slave owners of the South. During the election campaign, Lincoln managed to convince voters with restraint and the desire to avoid extremes and, having won the election on November 6, 1860, became the President of the United States.

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The election of a Republican served as an impetus for the secession of eight slave states, which announced on February 4, 1861 the creation of an independent state - the Confederate States of America with its capital in Richmond, who elected their president, Jefferson Davis.

Lincoln was in a difficult position. He had no experience in governing the country; the government had not yet been formed. Lincoln wanted to convince the slave owners to refuse to split the Union. Meanwhile, circumstances called for quick and decisive action. The Southerners attacked and captured Fort Sumter. Two days later, Lincoln declared the states of the Confederacy in mutiny and appealed to "all loyal citizens" to come to the defense of the country. 75,000 volunteers joined the army. A civil war broke out between North and South.

Initially, Lincoln thought that the northerners would be able to quickly defeat the slave owners. Indeed, the northern states occupied a much larger territory, most of the country's citizens lived there, they had a well-developed industry. But the North was not ready for war. Many army officers - immigrants from the southern states - with the outbreak of war went over to the side of the slave owners. In addition, in the northern states there were many supporters of the Confederation, who harmed the government troops in every possible way. So the experience of running the country and the army came to President Lincoln through the bitterness of defeat and failure.

Putting things in order Lincoln began with the government. His benevolence, fairness to opponents, poise, humor and generosity made it possible to create a well-functioning government, consisting of both supporters of the emancipation of slaves and those who were inclined to reconcile with the slave owners. Lincoln defined his task in the Civil War as follows: “My main goal in this struggle is to save the Union, regardless of the preservation or destruction of slavery. If I can save the Union without freeing the slaves, I will do so; if I can only save him by freeing all the slaves, I will do so; if I can save him by freeing some of the slaves, I will do so.” The President skillfully maneuvered between government ministers. He patiently listened to everyone, but always made decisions on his own.

Another difficult problem was the creation of a strong army. Lincoln drew attention to the talented general Ulysses Grant and appointed him commander. Together with other capable generals - Sherman, Sheridan, Thomas - Grant managed to conduct a large joint offensive against the southern states.

President Lincoln also showed himself as a talented diplomat. A striking example is the so-called "Trent case". On board the English ship Trent, two Confederate diplomats went to Britain and France to persuade the Europeans to help the South. However, the English ship was detained by the northerners, and the envoys of the southerners were arrested. The British government regarded the actions of the northerners as an insult. Lincoln understood that the intervention of the British on the side of the South was unacceptable, and released the diplomats. The threat of war with Great Britain was gone.

Two laws passed by Abraham Lincoln during the course of the war were critical to the victory of the northerners and the subsequent development of the United States. According to the law on homesteads, anyone who wished could receive a land plot of 65 hectares for a nominal fee of $10. With this, Lincoln attracted many people who wanted to get land into the army of the northerners, and laid the foundations of modern American farming. Another piece of legislation signed by Lincoln on January 1, 1863, was the famous Negro Slave Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln himself assessed the document as follows: "If my name ever gets into history, then for this act, and in it - all my soul." The proclamation, it is true, freed only the slaves of the rebellious states. Lincoln feared that in the event of the complete abolition of slavery, those slave states that had not seceded from the Union might join the rebels. But when the civil war was already rapidly coming to an end and the victory of the North was obvious, at the initiative of Lincoln, the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which banned slavery forever.

The Homestead Act and the emancipation of slaves is Lincoln's outstanding contribution to the development of true individual freedom in the United States. The President demonstrated respect for human dignity by his own example. Lincoln received Negro visitors, something no US president had ever done before, and one of his friends was a former slave, Frederick Douglass.

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среда, 22 апреля 2020 г.

New posts French Pyrenees (22/04/2020)

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среда, 22 апреля 2020 г.