Media, News, Publishing: Russian columns (15/04/2020)

The Paris Commune of 1871 is an uprising on the basis of hunger and deprivation experienced by the population of the French capital during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. - in Marxist literature is traditionally regarded as the first socialist revolution in world history, the prototype of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

The Paris Commune completed the cycle of revolutions and uprisings - democratic in purpose, romantic in spirit - that periodically shook France during the first and second thirds of the 19th century. Its leaders were people who sincerely believed that at the cost of heroic efforts it was possible to establish on earth the kingdom of freedom and justice in one fell swoop. For the most part, they considered themselves the successors of the cause of their great predecessors, the revolutionaries of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. Hence the names of the main parties of the Paris Commune: the Jacobins (also called Neo-Jacobins to emphasize their difference from the contemporaries of Robespierre and Danton) and the Blanquists (after the name of the socialist Auguste Blanqui).

What distinguished the Paris Commune from previous revolutionary uprisings was that it was largely conditioned by the contradictions of capitalism. It was preceded by years of unprecedented economic growth and prosperity in the history of France, which, however, had a shadow side. The broad deployment of the industrial revolution, the acceleration of the pace of industrialization led to the impoverishment of a significant layer of small proprietors. They went to work in factories and plants, where working conditions remained extremely difficult, and wages were miserable. After all, machine production instantly devalued the qualifications, experience and abilities of tens of thousands of artisans, manufacturing workers. In factories and factories, the use of low-paid labor of children and women has become widespread. The hatred for the exploiters that had accumulated among the destitute masses threatened to break out sooner or later.

However, had it not been for the Franco-Prussian war, the class struggle in France would hardly have developed into a bloody civil strife.

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The cause of the war between France and Prussia was their rivalry for hegemony in Central Europe. France was afraid of the strengthening of Prussia and hoped to prevent the unification of German lands under its leadership. Napoleon III declared war on Prussia on July 17, 1870, and already in early August, the Prussian and allied troops of other German states invaded France and surrounded the main enemy forces in the cities of Metz and Sedan. On September 2, they forced the capitulation of the sedan grouping of French troops, in which Napoleon S.

The news of the captivity of the emperor shook Paris. On September 4, crowds of people filled the streets of the capital. At their request, France was proclaimed a republic. Power passed to the Provisional Government of National Defense, which represented a broad bloc of political forces in opposition to the Empire, from monarchists to radical republicans. It did not think about continuing the aggressive war and offered Prussia a truce, counting on the conclusion of an honorable peace in the future. In response, Prussia made frankly predatory demands.

The republicans who came to power in France considered it dishonorable to accept the Prussian terms. They feared that the republic would be suspected of betraying national interests, while even during the revolution of the late 18th century. it earned a reputation as a patriotic regime, unlike, for example, the Bourbon monarchy (1814-1830), which was imposed on the French people by foreign interventionists. But the scale of the losses suffered by France in this war did not leave hope for an early victory. On September 16, Prussian troops appeared in the vicinity of Paris and three days later completely blocked it. Within a short time, they occupied the entire north-east of France, and on October 27 they accepted the surrender of the last major grouping of French troops in Metz. For some time, France remained defenseless against the enemy. The frantic efforts of the government to rebuild military power did not bring tangible results until the end of 1870, when the Army of the Loire was deployed south of Paris.

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It remained possible to call on France for a popular war of liberation, as the revolutionaries of 1792 did in a similar situation. Democratic forces also encouraged this, both radical republicans like Gambetta, who held the post of Minister of the Interior in the government, and socialists who enjoyed influence among the worker. population of large cities. However, the fear of the threat of the national liberation war escalating into a civil one (which, by the way, happened in 1792-1793) kept the government from taking such a step. It came to the conclusion that the conclusion of peace was inevitable on the terms offered by Prussia, but was waiting for this favorable moment, but for now it was imitating national defense.

The prolongation of the war put Paris in a difficult position. Its garrison numbered up to half a million armed men, mostly soldiers of the National Guard, which consisted of men of non-military ages. Poorly trained and not particularly disciplined, they would hardly have been able to withstand the enemy's regular army in an open field, but, protecting the houses and streets of their native city, they represented a serious force. Therefore, the Prussian troops, in a swift throw approached

Paris, abandoned the intention to take it on the move and preferred to conduct a siege according to all the rules of military art. The city was surrounded by several rows of fortifications, the number of besiegers increased to 235 thousand people. Pulled up heavy siege artillery. At the end of December 1870, a massive bombardment of defensive positions and residential areas of the French capital began, foreshadowing an imminent assault.

No matter how great the destruction and losses caused to Paris and its population by military operations, the life of the city in the winter of 1870-1871. primarily threatened by hunger and cold. In January 1871, only 300 grams of low-quality bread per day were given out per inhabitant. All the trees that adorned the Parisian boulevards were sawn for firewood. True, everything could be bought on the black market, but few had sufficient funds for this. The cessation of the supply of raw materials and the export of finished products paralyzed industry, and with it the entire business activity of the huge city. Industrialists and merchants lost their income, workers and employees - wages. Thousands of families were forced to exist on the modest remuneration that breadwinners received for their service in the National Guard - 1.5 francs a day. Tenants could not pay for housing, industrial and commercial enterprises - on previously taken loans. To prevent a wave of bankruptcies, the government temporarily banned the collection of fees for renting premises and debt obligations. But these measures could not stop the growth of social tension in the city, where, against the backdrop of malnutrition and impoverishment of the majority of the population, the satiety and well-being of the wealthy classes were especially striking.

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суббота, 18 апреля 2020 г.

Russian columns (15/04/2020)

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суббота, 18 апреля 2020 г.

Russian columns (15/04/2020)

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суббота, 18 апреля 2020 г.