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The campaign of 1860 contributed to the extraordinary popularity of Garibaldi in Europe. Volunteers from different countries flocked to his troops - French, Germans, Poles, Hungarians, Russians. Garibaldi's adjutant was the Russian geographer L.I. Mechnikov.

But, alas, being a man of ingenious social instinct, Garibaldi was not a professional politician. And at the very first attempts by Cavu-ra to seize southern Italy, he yielded. Announcing the transfer of power in Naples to Victor Emmanuel, Garibaldi moved with troops to Rome, where the Pope retained power, and won a new victory - at Volturno. But bypassing Rome, the papal possessions were already occupied by Piedmontese troops. The authorities of Piedmont did not at all need the elimination of landownership (they were looking for the support of the nobles of the South) and the prospect of establishing a republic. September 26, north of Naples, Garibaldi met with Victor Emmanuel. Several hundred Garibaldians greeted the king. He shook Garibaldi's hand and declared the volunteer troops disbanded. In vain Garibaldi asked to leave him for a year to manage the territories he occupied - the king was adamant. Garibaldi was sent to the island of Caprera, where he had previously bought a plot of land. The commander refused titles and awards. In fact, it was an honorary reference. The proclamation of a unified Italian kingdom in March 1861 passed without the person who was the soul of the unification of the country. Other people, prudent, cautious and unscrupulous, took advantage of the fruits of his labor ... “This is not at all the Italy for which I fought all my life!” Garibaldi said.

However, the energy and thirst for justice still returned him to the “system”. In 1862, Garibaldi tried to lead a campaign against Rome, was met by Piedmontese troops and wounded, because. did not want to shoot at their own. He was arrested again, but released, because all the progressive people in Europe raised their voices in his defense. Garibaldi was cured by a prominent Russian scientist-surgeon N.I. Pirogov, who came to see him. And then Garibaldi commanded troops during a new war with Austria for Venice in 1866 and, finally, took Rome in 1870 - this completed the unification of the country. After that, the tireless veteran of the liberation movements arrives in France and defends Dijon from the Prussian troops. He ardently supported the Paris Commune, and his son Menotti became a member of the Council of the Commune.

The last years of Garibaldi's life were not easy: an unsuccessful second marriage, the death of many associates, alienation from royal Italy. But many adherents of democratic, revolutionary views often visited his modest house. Giuseppe Garibaldi died on June 2, 1882.

Of course, this is only a small part of what can be said about Garibaldi. Being self-taught and a practitioner, and not a theoretician of the liberation movement (such a role was played by Mazzini in Italy), he became, however, one of the most remarkable figures in the world revolutionary movement of the late nineteenth century.

Alexander Herzen met Garibaldi during his visits to London and once contributed to his reconciliation with Mazzini. Nikolay Dobrolyubov was in Italy shortly after the movement of 1860 and highly appreciated the fighter for the unification of the country. Alexei Gorky, who lived at a different time, recalled how Garibaldi entered his life: “The first time I heard this great name was when I was 13 years old. I then served as a kitchen boy on a passenger ship ... Who, sitting, who standing, listened to the story of one passenger: “His name was Giuseppe, in our opinion Osip, and his last name was Garibaldi. He had a great soul. And he called a cry throughout the country : "Brothers, freedom is higher and better than life! Rise all to fight the enemy and we will fight until we overcome!" And everyone obeyed him, because they saw that he would rather die than give in. Everyone followed him and won ... ""

Italy in the 15th century was a strange sight. On the one hand, a country of the highest culture, centuries-old traditions of science, social thought, and literature; a country that was a school for painters, sculptors, composers, musicians, artists and architects throughout Europe; a country of luxurious villas, fountains, carnivals and archaeological finds that staggered the imagination of scientists. On the other hand, the preservation of the most routine fragmentation, the absence of an independent policy in most of the small states, which depended first on Spain, and then on Austria, the papal power in the very center, Rome, which stood across any free-thinking, a difficult labor system in the estates, an abundance of farm laborers and townspeople. beggars, robber gangs, inquisition, espionage and palace conspiracies. Venice alone was a relatively free republic, but it was far from its former greatness. With all the brilliance of its art, Italy did not produce a single major European-scale thinker in the entire "age of Enlightenment".

The situation began to change only after the French Revolution. The thunder of cannons in Paris woke up all the countries of Europe, where feudal-absolutist orders dominated. Demonstrations were held in many Italian cities in support of the revolutionary people of France. There was hope that French troops would bring liberation from Austrian domination and political transformation to Italy. The first secret societies appeared, including the Ray Society in the more culturally developed northern part of the country. Supporters of reforms in Italy were part of the young nobles, the bourgeoisie, officers. The most resolutely inclined were in favor of a republican system in the principalities and kingdoms, there were also supporters of the Jacobins, from whom Filippo Buonarotti advanced, who then came to Paris and became an associate of Gracchus Babeuf. And so, in 1795, French troops under the command of General Napoleon Bonaparte entered Italy under the slogans of a republic and a struggle against counter-revolutionary Austria. The Cisalpine Republic was proclaimed in the north of the country, the Roman Republic in the center, and the Parthenopian Republic in the south. It seemed that the old regimes collapsed forever and in the country, however, still fragmented, a constitutional system was established. However, from the very beginning, Napoleon sought, above all, to subjugate Italy to France. He refused the help of local revolutionaries and began to export cultural property to Paris. The Society of Rays was dissolved. Bonaparte's aggressive policy finally manifested itself after he usurped sole power in France in 1799 and then proclaimed himself emperor with the help of the Pope. Piedmont, Genoa, Tuscany, Venice and Rome became French possessions, in the rest of the territory the Italian and Neapolitan kingdoms were formed with Napoleon's close associates, Beauharnais and Murat, on the thrones.

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понедельник, 20 апреля 2020 г.

New cars 20/04/2020 (7623)

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