Media, News, Publishing: News update 03/04/2020 (763)

In the 19th century increased British expansion in Southeast Asia. In 1819, a naval base was founded in Singapore, which became the main stronghold of England in this part of the world. Less successfully for the British ended the long-standing rivalry with Holland in Indonesia, where they managed to establish themselves only in the north of Borneo and small islands.

In the middle of the XIX century. France captured South Vietnam and made it its colony in the 80s. ousted a weakening China from North Vietnam and established a protectorate over it. At the end of the XIX century. The French created the so-called Indochinese Union, which included Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. The French governor-general was placed at the head of the union.

In the 19th century completed the colonization of Australia. On the territory of New South Wales, the colonies of Tasmania, Victoria (named after the Dutch traveler Tasman and the English Queen Victoria) and Queensland stood out, new independent settlements of Western and South Australia were formed. The influx of free settlers increased. In the middle of the XIX century. they achieved an end to the deportation of convicts to Australia. In the 50s. gold was discovered in New South Wales and Victoria. This attracted to Australia not only new thousands of colonists, but also capital. Moving into the interior of the continent, the settlers subjugated or mercilessly destroyed the local population. As a result, a century later, in the 30s. In the 20th century, out of approximately 7.8 million inhabitants of Australia, 7.2 million were Europeans and only 600 thousand were its indigenous inhabitants.

In the second half of the XIX century. all the colonies in Australia achieved self-government, at the beginning of the 20th century. they united in the Commonwealth of Australia, which received the rights of a dominion. At the same time, the colonization of New Zealand and other nearby islands took place. In 1840 New Zealand became a colony, and in 1907 another white dominion of England.

In the 19th century most of Africa was subjugated. The methods of subjugation were different - from direct military seizures to economic and financial enslavement and the imposition of unequal treaties. Control over the countries of North Africa and Egypt gave the colonial powers huge economic benefits, dominance in the Mediterranean Sea, opened the way to the south of the continent and to the East. From the 16th century the countries of North Africa, with the exception of Morocco, and Egypt were part of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the 18th century, when the military superiority of the Ottomans over Europe had already been lost, France tried to conquer Egypt and create a stronghold there for advancing to India, but Napoleon's Egyptian expedition of 1798-1801. was defeated. In 1830, France invaded Algeria and by 1848 completely conquered it. Tunisia was subjugated "peacefully" in a sharp competitive struggle between England, France and Italy, which in 1869 established joint financial control over Tunisia. Gradually, the French ousted competitors from Tunisia and in 1881 proclaimed their protectorate over it.

In the 70s. it was the turn of Egypt, which, while remaining part of the Ottoman Empire, sought to pursue an independent policy. The construction of the Suez Canal (1859-1869) brought huge benefits to Europe (the shortest route from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean was opened) and devastated the Egyptian treasury. Egypt found itself in financial bondage with France and England, which established over it in 1876-1882. so-called dual control. The country was plundered in the most merciless way, more than two-thirds of state revenues were spent on paying off foreign debts. About dual control, the Egyptians bitterly joked: “Have you ever seen a dog and a cat taking a mouse for a walk together?” In 1882 Egypt was occupied by British troops, and in 1914 England established its own protectorate over it. In 1922, the protectorate was abolished, Egypt was proclaimed an independent and sovereign state, but this was independence on paper, since England completely controlled the economic, foreign policy and military spheres of his life.

By the beginning of the XX century. over 90% of the territory of Africa belonged to the largest colonial powers: England, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain.

At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. colonial rivalry and the struggle for spheres of influence in the world escalated. In 1898, the American-Spanish war broke out, as a result of which the United States captured the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Hawaiian Islands and established control over Cuba, which received formal independence. After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan established de facto dominance over Korea and Manchuria. Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902 completed the "gathering" of lands in southern Africa by England (see article "Boers"). European powers actively intervened in the economic and political life of the countries that were part of the decaying Ottoman Empire.

After the First World War, one of the main reasons for which was colonial rivalry, there was a territorial redivision of the world. In 1919, the League of Nations was created, on behalf of which trusteeship was established over the possessions of Germany and Turkey. The colonies of the vanquished were taken over by the victors. Australia received German possessions in New Guinea, Germany's African colonies went to England (Tanganyika, part of Togo and Cameroon), Belgium (Rwanda and Burundi), France (part of Togo and Cameroon), the Union of South Africa (Southwest Africa). France also received Syria and Lebanon, which belonged to Turkey, and Japan, which hardly participated in the war, bargained for the German port of Qingdao in China and the islands in the Pacific Ocean.

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With common goals, the colonial policy of each power had its own characteristics. For example, Portugal, in addition to the methods of military-police suppression and economic exploitation practiced by all colonial powers, also used other rather subtle means of influencing subject peoples, including encouraging mixed marriages and granting the right to assimilate, i.e. equalize in one way or another in rights with the Europeans. True, in order to become the so-called "assimiladush", one had to prove one's preparedness for this in terms of the level of education and social status. It is not surprising, therefore, that in Angola, which was subordinated to Portugal in the middle of the 19th - early 20th centuries, in the 30s. 20th century there were only 24 thousand assimilated souls out of about 3 million inhabitants, in Mozambique - 1.8 thousand out of 4.3 million, in the vast Belgian Congo, where the system of colonial administration was similar to the Portuguese, in the 50s. only 0.8 thousand of the approximately 14 million indigenous people partially received the rights that Europeans had in this colony.

The British Empire developed several types of colonial possessions. The "white" dominions ("dominion" in English means "possession") - Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa - enjoyed independence, which was constantly increasing. Not only did they have their own parliaments, governments, armies and finances, but they sometimes owned colonies themselves (for example, Australia and the Union of South Africa). Protectorates usually became colonial countries with relatively developed state power and social relations. There were, as it were, two levels of colonial administration. Supreme power was held by the British governors-general; they, unlike the governors of the dominions, who represented the interests of the British crown rather than ruled on its behalf, were absolute masters of the subordinate countries. The so-called native administration (local rulers, leaders) enjoyed limited independence, was endowed with certain judicial and police powers, the right to collect local taxes, and had its own budgets. The native administration acted as a buffer between the supreme power of the Europeans and the oppressed local population. Such a control system is called indirect, or indirect. It was most common in British possessions, and the English colonial policy was called the policy of indirect (indirect) control - the British also practiced the so-called direct control in some colonies. Such colonies were called crown, i.e. were directly subordinate to London, with minimal or no rights to self-government. The exception was the crown colonies with a significant stratum of the white population, who had great privileges and even their own colonial parliaments. Sometimes in one country both direct and indirect methods of government were used. For example, India before the Second World War was divided into the so-called British colony of India, which consisted of 16 provinces and was governed from London, and a protectorate, which included over 500 feudal principalities and which operated a system of indirect control. Different forms of government were simultaneously used in Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya and other countries.

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пятница, 3 апреля 2020 г.

News update 03/04/2020 (763)

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