Media, News, Publishing: New cars 04/04/2020 (786)

In newspapers, magazines and books of the relatively recent past, one could see a caricature: a fat white man in a pith helmet, with a cigar in his mouth, brandishes a whip at an emaciated African (or Hindu, Malay, etc.) trembling with fear. One way or something like this, mass ideas about colonialism, the colonialists and their victims developed. In historical writings, colonialism is often understood as the political, economic, and spiritual enslavement of the peoples of backward countries by the ruling classes of socioeconomically developed states. Colonialism is the most complex phenomenon on a global scale, rooted in the distant past of mankind. Colonialism arose with the advent of the state, it existed even in the slave and feudal eras. The very words "colony", "colonialism" originally come from the Latin words "colon", "colonate", denoting various forms of dependence of the rural population in ancient Rome. During the time of slavery, the word "colony" gradually acquired an independent meaning: this is how the settlements created by settlers from another country began to be called. Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and other states owned such colonies-settlements.

The colonialism of the era of feudalism was most developed during a sharp aggravation of internal contradictions in European countries. In the XI-XIII centuries. large groups of the impoverished population of Western Europe, led by feudal knights, many of whom themselves became impoverished, set out on crusades in the Middle East to liberate the "Holy Sepulcher". The crusaders created feudal colonial states there, in which the majority of the population was made up of local residents subjugated by them. But these states did not last long - about 100-150 years.

In the capitalist era, colonialism becomes a worldwide phenomenon. Its growth began at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. and is associated with historical changes in Europe, which are usually called the transition from feudal to capitalist relations. These changes spanned decades. Their manifestations were the growth of industrial production, the development of science, the expansion of trade, the increase in demand for labor, for gold. The latter circumstance played a particularly important role in the desire of Europeans to search for new lands.

Only in ancient times, gold and other metals, now called precious, were simply a material for the manufacture of any products. Gradually, gold became a kind of universal commodity, for which any other commodity could be exchanged. As production and trade grew, so did the demand for gold.

Meanwhile, the ties of medieval Europe with the Middle East, and through intermediary trade - with India and China, in the XV-XVI centuries. significantly reduced due to the Turkish conquests. Absolutism grew in Western European countries, feudal estates were fragmented, some of the feudal lords became impoverished, and rivalry between individual feudal clans intensified. There was a need for new routes to the East, to new lands.

A huge impetus to the development of colonialism was given by the great geographical discoveries, which determined the two main directions of European colonial conquests: across the Atlantic Ocean to America and around Africa, across the Indian Ocean, to Asia. The pioneers of colonial conquests were not the most economically developed countries, but those with the greatest experience in navigation and maritime trade - Portugal and Spain. In 1493-1494. they concluded, obviously, the first agreement in history on the territorial division of the world: all the lands and seas west of the dividing line, which passed approximately 49 degrees west longitude, departed to the Spanish sphere, to the Portuguese - all spaces to the east of it. Of course, this agreement was largely conditional. Both the Portuguese and the Spaniards had a very vague idea of what was actually to the west and east of the dividing line. Yes, and other European countries, primarily England and France, rejected these claims; the British, for example, soon proclaimed the principle of freedom of the seas, equalizing all Christian countries in their rights to new lands.

Both the Portuguese and Spanish, and later the Dutch, British, French and other colonial systems were eventually established by force. In the East and in America, in Africa and Australia, Europeans encountered societies of different levels of development - from pre-class, tribal to feudal and so-called Asian. In military-technical terms, these societies were inferior to the Europeans, whose superiority grew with the rapid development of industry, science and technology in Europe.

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суббота, 4 апреля 2020 г.

New cars 04/04/2020 (786)

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суббота, 4 апреля 2020 г.

New cars 04/04/2020 (786)

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суббота, 4 апреля 2020 г.