Media, News, Publishing: News update 25/04/2020 (12110)

Slave hunters chained several Negroes together, drove them on foot for hundreds of miles, branded them like cattle, transported them across the ocean in disgusting slave ships and sold them to the colonialists like cattle ... Never before has a man fallen so low as participants in the monstrous slave trade. It is hard not to agree with these words of the American scientist and public figure William Foster.

From the beginning of the XVI century. for four centuries, slaves remained one of the most profitable commodities in the trade of the most developed countries of the world. According to researchers, during this time about 20 million slaves were sold from Africa to the colonies of European countries. And we are talking only about slaves delivered to their destination alive. If we take into account that both when hunting for people and when transporting people across the ocean, the mortality rate among them was very high, then we can agree with the conclusions of those authors, according to whose estimates, during the period of the slave trade, Africa lost over 60 million people.

The largest number of slaves fell on slave ships as a result of their capture by special armed detachments of Europeans. People who were sold either for some misconduct by tribal leaders or by relatives during a famine also became a living commodity. The property of the merchants turned out to be both slaves resold by their masters and prisoners captured during the wars of the aborigines.

Many African tribes had a rule to sell men and women into slavery for serious (according to local morality) crimes. This was actively abused by the native leaders, princelings, elders and shamelessly sold their fellow tribesmen on a trifling matter. Without resorting to force, European slave traders could in the XVIII century. purchase a slave (at the prices of a French trading post) for 3 pounds of amber or for 100 cartridges, 9 ounces of coral necklace, 240 knives, 4 meters of bright red cloth, 100 liters of vodka, 4 guns, 4 pounds of nails, 30 pounds of red wool yarn, 6 pistols, 50 pounds of gunpowder, 12 packs of writing paper. However, combinations of the listed goods were also practiced.

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Slaves were transported from Africa to the New World, usually on small boats with a displacement of about 200 tons, 250 people each. The description of the slave voyage by the Portuguese historian Oliveira Martins is startling: “The slave ship was a disgusting, heartbreaking spectacle. The slaves dumped into the hold resembled an anthill of living bodies, they greedily clung to the iron gratings of the hatch in search of a breath of fresh air. Every now and then fierce fights took place, furious cries were heard ... Darkness reigned inside the hold, the unfortunate people either remained in hopeless apathy, or were tormented, overwhelmed with despair and hatred. Some tried to strangle themselves, others were flattened by the crowd.

For the slightest manifestation of protest, the slaves were severely punished - up to being thrown overboard into the open sea. The same fate awaited seriously ill slaves.

Although it was not possible to bring living goods to the shores of the New World without great losses, the slave trade brought enormous profits. The Dutch, British, French, Portuguese and Danes profited from the barbarian trade. The victory of England in the War of the Spanish Succession (1700-1713) allowed Foggy Albion to put the profitable business under its control. According to scientists, during the entire period of the slave trade, English ships transported four times more slaves than the ships of other countries.

Cato's expression is known: "A slave must either work or sleep." Millennia later, it accurately reflected the situation of slaves even in the 19th century. Hard work on sugar and cotton plantations, various menial work - this is the lot of blacks in the Western Hemisphere. In Cuba, for example, during the harvesting of sugar cane, they had to work 19-20 hours, and eat twice a day.

Permissiveness untied the hands of slave owners. Sadists came up with a sophisticated execution, in which the beaten must himself count the blows inflicted on him. If the unfortunate, wriggling under the whip, lost his way, which was quite natural given the almost complete illiteracy of the slaves, then the countdown began from scratch. The executioners showed "mercy" by punishing a pregnant woman: before throwing the victim to the ground, they made a depression in the soil for the slave's belly. Thus, while still in the womb, the children of slaves felt the barbarism of the life that awaited them.

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Methods of torture and beatings have become infamous, and even their names: “ladder”, “hay”, “grillette”, “masa”, etc. “Ladder” is the punishment of a slave tied to a ladder with a whip. "Sepo" - punishment-torture. A kind of straitjacket made of wood with holes for the head, arms and legs was put on a half-naked slave. He lay under the hot tropical sun, suffering from heat, thirst and insect bites. "Grillette" is just a precaution, not torture. The slave's legs at the level of the ankles were chained to a sufficiently long chain, which made it possible to use him in various jobs. The “witty” variety of “grillete” was “masa”: one end of the chain held the leg of a slave, and the other - a heavy log. It was even possible to move around, however, heaping a log on himself.

Slaves prone to escape were put on an iron “choker”, which consisted of a ring fastened around the neck, and two pins sticking up on both sides of the head like horns, on which bells were hung. Slaves who ate sugarcane stalks were put on a metal mask that was locked with a key and had no opening for the mouth. Without the permission of the overseer, neither eat nor drink.

The death penalty was also applied to slaves. They used the guillotine for this, and always in the presence of other slaves.

“How many slaves, so many enemies,” said the Roman philosopher Seneca. The whip of the overseer not only urged the slave to work, but also evoked in him a sense of intransigence. The simplest form of protest is running away. Already in the first half of the XVI century. slave owners of the Spanish colonies began to create funds for the organized prosecution of runaway slaves. There were also specialists in their capture. Cuban "hunters" (ranchadores) enjoyed the fame of sophisticated craftsmen and even had dogs trained for this "hunt". When at the end of the XVII century. the British failed to suppress the uprising of slaves in Jamaica, they invited the Cuban ranchadores, who, with the help of dogs, quickly eliminated the center of resistance. Dogs have played an almost decisive role.

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пятница, 24 апреля 2020 г.

News update 25/04/2020 (12110)

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пятница, 24 апреля 2020 г.