News update 19/07/2020 (875)

Sometimes the beginning of a new era in culture, in the spiritual life of people can be an event that at first glance is deeply personal. So it was in the spring of 1283 with the Florentine Dante Alighieri, when he, at the age of 18, met the lady of his heart - Beatrice Portinari - and dedicated poems to her. Several years passed, and Beatrice died. And after some time, Dante wrote the book "New Life", which included sonnets and canzones addressed to Beatrice, and a story about his love, about what he experienced after the death of his beloved.

“In this section of the book of my memory, before which only a little deserves to be read, there is a rubric that reads: incipit vita nova” (Latin - a new life began).

It was really a new inner life, not like the ideas of a medieval person about the insignificance of everything earthly before the will of God. Even when Dante for the first time at the age of nine fleetingly saw Beatrice, he seemed to hear the voice of a certain spirit: “Behold, a god stronger than me has come to command me.” The object of admiration is earthly love:

Seeing the heavenly, reverent,

As before a miracle, this earthly world.

This new worldview did not happen by accident in Italy. Developed urban culture, freedom in the merchant republics contributed to understanding the value of human life, beauty in the surrounding world. And the language of this culture was no longer dead Latin, but a living language - Italian. “A Latin commentary,” Dante wrote in his treatise “Feast,” “would be good only for a few, while a popular one would render a service to truly many.” He likened the everyday language to bread made from barley, and not from expensive wheat.

(About the most famous work of Dante - "The Divine Comedy", where, however, he still paid tribute to the previous culture, traveling through the afterlife, NK with the ancient Roman poet Virgil, and then with Beatrice, you can read in the volume of the Encyclopedia dedicated to artistic literature.)

Half a century passed, and another great native of Tuscany, the poet Francesco Petrarca, in his treatise "On the means against any fortune" wrote: "A truly noble person is not born with a great soul, but he makes himself such with his magnificent deeds." Man was realized by him as the master of his own destiny: “You will be the more noble, the more base and vile your parents, if you turn out to be virtuous. All nobility will be yours, and you will become an ancestor of noble offspring. Such a view of life rejected respect for the feudal nobility only because of its "noble" origin.

https://all-andorra.blogspot.com/2020/07/news-update-13072020-18.html
https://telegra.ph/News-update-20072020-1-07-20
https://www.flickr.com/photos/188561499@N08/49908356423/in/dateposted-public/
https://vk.com/@toutandorre-news-update-20072020-13
https://vk.com/@toutandorre-news-update-20072020-14
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https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/all_andorra/post472623326/
https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/all_andorra/post472623312/
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/all-andorra/HS2j5JqWtwg
https://sites.google.com/site/medianewsandpublishing/news-update-22-07-2020-7

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Petrarch, who was also a prominent political figure in Italy, criticized papal Rome:

Source of pride, abode of wrath, Keeper of heresy, hotbed of evil obstacles, Once Rome, now Babylon...

Starting with Petrarch, a phenomenon has already clearly developed in Italy, later called humanism (from the Latin humanus - “human”). The poet's students introduced this word, taking it from the works of ancient authors. Already with Petrarch, a passionate lover of ancient history, the study of the heritage of Rome began, and through him - Greece, in which a prominent place was occupied by a worldview free from detachment and asceticism. Humanists were close to Plato, Aristotle, Sophocles, Euripides, Virgil, Ovid, who paid attention to the living person in all its diversity. Archaeological searches began, and the collection of objects of ancient art - after all, in Italy they were at every turn.

By the 15th century (in Italian - Quattrocento) humanism has already permeated all advanced Italian culture. The chancellor of the Republic of Florence, Leonardo Bruni, writes the "History of Florence", free from unfounded legends and miracles, based on archival sources (following the example of the Roman historian Polybius). Artist Masaccio, sculptor Donatello create a realistic human portrait. Cities, especially Florence, are decorated with elegant buildings with wide windows, colonnades, high towers, and on the stage there are plays by Lorenzo the Magnificent himself, the patron of the arts, who adopted ancient harmony. The first attempts are being made to educate the younger generation in a new way, to educate in such a way that knowledge is not a load of “learned rubbish” for schoolchildren that is not connected with life. Vittorino de Feltre founded the "School of Joy", which is completely different from the stuffy study cell with the usual cramming. His students studied in nature, studied various crafts, spent time in conversations with teachers, and did physical exercises. All this, however, was the lot of only a select few.

Pico della Mirandola and other philologists began to be critical of the Bible and other Christian legends, studying them as a reflection of their time and finding many contradictions in them.

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The ideals of early humanism were closely connected with developing entrepreneurship, the accumulation of fortunes, the emergence of the bourgeoisie, the desire to develop new trade routes, and open up new horizons. Merchant's generosity gave rise to the glorification of the joys of life, all kinds of pleasures.

The pinnacle of the new culture in Italy can rightly be considered the end of the 15th - the beginning of the 16th centuries, the time of the life of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Still, most of Leonardo da Vinci is known primarily as an artist, but he was one of the most versatile geniuses in the history of mankind. The author of his first biography, George Vasari, wrote: “His talent was so great that in any difficult subjects to which his inquisitiveness turned, he easily and completely found solutions; there was a lot of strength in him, and she connected with ease; his thoughts and behavior were always regal and generous ... And although he influenced minds more with words than with deeds, due to the great qualities with which he was miraculously gifted, the glory of his name will never disappear. Leonardo left literary works and many works and sketches on all the sciences of that time and anticipated the development of many modern sciences. He developed projects for aircraft, various engines, and optical instruments. Contemporaries considered this a fantasy, and we are surprised to understand that Leonardo looked into our century. “Experience never errs,” he remarked, “only our judgments are erroneous, forcing us to expect from experience such phenomena that it does not contain.” And the master created his great paintings and sculptural creations using all the laws of anatomy, light and shadow in accordance with his research method.

However, the 16th century became a difficult time for Italy, when the fragmentation of the country led to the invasion of French and Spanish troops, and the loss of trade routes to the East - to the impossibility of educated people using their knowledge and skills. Therefore, many scientists, engineers, technicians, architects, artists increasingly went to other countries. Leonardo da Vinci lived the last years of his life in the royal castle of Amboise in France. Immigrants from Italy did a lot for the spread of humanistic culture in Europe.