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The main significance of the Palaiologos empire is that it preserved the culture of Byzantium until the 15th century, when it was able to be adopted by the peoples of Europe. Two centuries is the flowering of philosophies and theology, architecture and icon painting. It seemed that the disastrous economic and political situation only stimulated the rise of the spirit, and this time is called the "Paleological revival."

The Athos Monastery, founded in the 10th century, became the center of religious life. Under Komnenos, it grew in number, and in the XIV century. Holy Mountain (the monastery was located on a mountain) became a whole city in which thousands of monks of different nationalities lived. Great was the role of the Patriarch of Constantinople, who led the churches of independent Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia and pursued an ecumenical policy.

Under the Palaiologoi, the University of Constantinople is revived. There are trends in philosophy that seek to revive ancient culture. The extreme representative of this trend was George Plethon (1360-1452), who created an original philosophy and religion based on the teachings of Plato and Zoroaster.

The "Paleologian Renaissance" is the heyday of architecture and painting. Until now, viewers are amazed by the beautiful buildings and amazing frescoes of Mistra (a city near ancient Sparta).

The ideological and political life of the empire since the end of the 19th century. by the 15th century takes place in the struggle around the union between Catholics and Orthodox. The growing onslaught of the Muslim Turks forced the Palaiologoi to seek military assistance from the West. In exchange for the salvation of Constantinople, the emperors promised to achieve the subordination of the Orthodox Church to the Pope of Rome (unia). Michael Palaiologos was the first to make such an attempt in 1274. This caused an outburst of indignation among the Orthodox population. And when, just before the death of the city, in 1439, the union was nevertheless signed in Florence, it was unanimously rejected by the inhabitants of Constantinople. The reasons for this were, of course, the hatred that the Greeks felt for the "Latins" after the pogrom of 1204 and the half-century domination of the Catholics in the Bosporus. In addition, the West could not (or did not want to) provide effective military assistance to Constantinople and the empire. Two crusades in 1396 and 1440 ended in the defeat of the European armies. But no less important was the fact that the union for the Greeks meant the rejection of the mission of the guardians of the Orthodox tradition, which they had taken on. This renunciation would have crossed out the centuries-old history of the empire. That is why the monks of Athos, and after them the vast majority of the Byzantines, rejected the union and began to prepare for the defense of the doomed Constantinople. In 1453, a huge Turkish army besieged and stormed "New Rome". The "Power of the Romans" ceased to exist.

The importance of the Byzantine Empire in the history of mankind can hardly be overestimated. In the dark ages of barbarism and the early Middle Ages, she conveyed to her descendants the heritage of Hellas and Rome, and preserved Christian culture. Achievements in the field of science (mathematics), in literature, fine arts, book miniatures, arts and crafts (ivory, metal, artistic fabrics, cloisonné enamels), architecture, and military affairs had a significant impact on the further development of the culture of Western Europe and Kievan Rus. And the life of modern society cannot be imagined without Byzantine influence. Sometimes Constantinople is called the "golden bridge" between the West and the East. This is true, but it is even more correct to consider the power of the Romans as a "golden bridge" between antiquity and modern times.

V 527 g., posle smerti dyadi, 45-letniy Yustinian stal avtokratorom — samoderzhtsem — Imperii romeyev, kak nazyvalas' togda Vizantiyskaya imperiya. On poluchil vlast' v trudnoye vremya: ot byvshikh rimskikh vladeniy ostalas' tol'ko ikh vostochnaya chast', a na territorii Zapadnoy Rimskoy imperii obrazovalis' varvarskiye korolevstva: vestgoty v Ispanii, ostgoty v Italii, franki v Gallii i vandaly v Afrike. Khristianskuyu tserkov' razdirali spory o tom, byl li Khristos «bogochelovekom»; zavisimyye krest'yane (kolony) razbegalis' i ne obrabatyvali zemlyu, proizvol znati razoryal prostoy narod, goroda sotryasali bunty, finansy imperii byli v upadke. Spasti polozheniye mozhno bylo lish' reshitel'nymi i samootverzhennymi merami, i Yustinian, chuzhdyy roskoshi i udovol'stviy, iskrenne veruyushchiy pravoslavnyy khristianin, bogoslov i politik, kak nel'zya luchshe podkhodil dlya etoy roli.

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In 527, after the death of his uncle, the 45-year-old Justinian became an autocrat - autocrat - of the Roman Empire, as the Byzantine Empire was then called.

He received power at a difficult time: only the eastern part of the former Roman possessions remained, and barbarian kingdoms were formed on the territory of the Western Roman Empire: the Visigoths in Spain, the Ostrogoths in Italy, the Franks in Gaul and the Vandals in Africa. The Christian church was torn by controversy about whether Christ was a "god-man"; dependent peasants (columns) fled and did not cultivate the land, the arbitrariness of the nobility ruined the common people, the cities were shaken by riots, the finances of the empire were in decline. Only decisive and selfless measures could save the situation, and Justinian, a stranger to luxury and pleasure, a sincerely believing Orthodox Christian, theologian and politician, was the best suited for this role.

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воскресенье, 5 июля 2020 г.

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воскресенье, 5 июля 2020 г.