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For nearly a century, from the 1930s In the 16th century, first of all, in the regions of Colombia and Guiana, unsuccessful searches were carried out for both the “gilded man” and the lake with innumerable riches. The alluring mirages of Eldorado attracted not only the Spaniards, but also the Germans and the British. In the end, a lake was discovered where the ritual described above was allegedly performed, but its depth (120 m) turned out to be an insurmountable obstacle for fortune seekers of that time.

The British version of Eldorado is associated primarily with the name of the legendary Walter Raleigh, navigator, one of the leaders of the defeat of the Spanish "Invincible Armada", poet, playwright, historian. “Great adventurer”, “famous inspirer of campaigns” - these phrases, which invariably stand next to his name in research, are certainly true. He is connected with Eldorado not only by the fact that in 1595 he arrived in Guiana in search of this magical land, but also by the book “The Discovery of the Vast, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana”, which was published the following year.

As a person with a well-developed creative beginning, Raleigh speculated, developed and transformed a lot in the legend of Eldorado. In his interpretation, the king of Guiana becomes a gilded man, arranging orgies with his courtiers. Servants had to undress all participants in orgies, "lubricate them from top to bottom with white balm" and cover them with gold powder until "until the guests begin to sparkle from head to toe, and in this form they sit and drink in groups of twenty and a hundred people and continue this occupation sometimes for six or seven days in a row.

Raleigh tried to get to the bottom of the "authentic" name of the territory, which the Spaniards dubbed Eldorado. The governor Berreo, taken prisoner by him, informed the Englishman that the natives called El Dorado none other than Manoa.

In cartography, Manoa had a happier fate. If El Dorado never appeared on any of the maps, then Manoa (Berreo called it a city) first appeared on a map of South America compiled in 1598 by the Dutch cartographer Jodoc Hondius, who worked from materials from Raleigh's unpublished manuscript, which is stored in the British Museum.

The mysterious lake was not forgotten either. In 1599, the Flemish engraver Theodore de Bray placed Lake Parima on the map he prepared of Guiana, on the southwestern shore of which, according to him, was the city of "Manoa, or Dorado ... the largest city in the world." The American historian and geographer Ramsey, who comprehensively studied this problem, notes that Manoa already by the 30s. 17th century disappeared from geographical maps, and Parima could also be found on some maps of the 18th century. The last point in this misconception was put by Alexander Humboldt, who proved that there are no lakes in the Orinoco river basin. At the same time, the German scientist considered that the rumors about Lake Parima could have a real basis, since at the time of the flood the river floods a vast territory and some temporary lake formations are possible.

And finally, a few words about the real-life lake Guatavita. The Spaniards made several attempts to drain it, but this was only achieved by the English expedition in 1913. The prospectors were completely disappointed. The few gold items they found did not even cover the cost of organizing land reclamation work. “It would be premature to assume,” concludes Ramsey, “that what was found during these excavations exhausts all the wealth contained in the lake. But on the basis of the available evidence, it would be no less rash to suggest that the Muisca Indian tribe practiced the "gilded man" ceremony for a long time, or that their gold offerings were ever very numerous.

In addition to the myths and legends of the Indians, the possibility of the existence of El Dorado in the region of the northern coast of South America was also pointed out by pundits of that time, who believed that deposits of precious metals gravitate towards the equator.

The Europeans never managed to discover this legendary country, but the New World with its unique Indian civilizations became a true El Dorado for them.

The Holy Roman Empire is a medieval European state formation founded in 962 by the German king Otto I and existed until 1806.

Under the first representatives of the Saxon dynasty, Henry I (919-936) (hereinafter, the years of reign are indicated) and Otto I (936-973), a single German state was formed and strengthened, royal power was strengthened. Henry I managed to win back Lorraine from France and to a large extent subjugate the German dukes striving for complete independence. In 936, Otto I without difficulty received his father's throne and was recognized as king in all five German duchies - Franconia, Saxony, Swabia, Bavaria, Lorraine. From the very beginning, Otto I aspired to the same sovereign power that Charlemagne had. That is why his coronation took place in Aachen, the capital of the empire of Charlemagne, where the ashes of the emperor rested. Continuing the struggle with the dukes, Otto I tried to turn them into officials. Separatism (the desire for isolation) of the dukes Otto I opposed his episcopal system. The king distributed land grants to the church, granting it extensive political rights. The Church received the right to judge the dependent population. Under the control of bishops and abbots, territories seized from the duchies were transferred. Church institutions turned into state bodies, and completely subordinate to the king, because. all episcopal and abbey offices were at his disposal. Having strengthened his position in the country, Otto I strengthened the defense of Germany from the Hungarians, who had long been harassing with their raids, and inflicted a decisive defeat on the Lech River near Augsburg. The victory dramatically increased the authority of the German king. Less successful were the attempts of Otto I to conquer the Slavic lands. Many Slavic tribes managed to defend their independence. Failures in the east forced the king to change the direction of foreign policy and turn to the south. This turn largely predetermined the fate of the Holy Roman Empire.

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среда, 26 августа 2020 г.

News update RSS Pins 26/08/2020 (11)

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среда, 26 августа 2020 г.

News update RSS Pins 26/08/2020 (11)

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среда, 26 августа 2020 г.