Media, News, Publishing: News update 26/08/2020 (11)

To the south, Otto I was attracted by the desire to subjugate the papacy and thereby establish complete dominance over the Roman Catholic Church, the desire to conquer politically fragmented Italy and create a semblance of the empire of Charlemagne and even the ancient Roman Empire.

It was not by chance that the German king became the bearer of the idea of "World Roman Power". Compared to other European monarchs - his contemporaries - Otto I had the strongest power in his country. The German nobility, striving for conquest and acquisitions, supported the intentions of their king.

In 951, Otto I made his first campaign in Italy, captured Lombardy and took the title of King of the Lombards. After 10 years, he made a new trip to Italy. Engaged in a struggle with the Italian feudal lords, Pope John XII could not but satisfy the ambitious claims of Otto I. In 962, the Pope crowned Otto I in Rome with the imperial crown. Thus, the tradition of the “World Roman Power”, which had begun to fade, was restored and the Holy Roman Empire arose.

The newly appeared state was quite an artificial formation. The empire had neither a common socio-economic base nor national unity. But in the views of contemporaries, its existence was fully justified. The "Eternal City" once again entered the forefront of world history, and this scene was fanned by the holiness of the Catholic Church. The expression of that time is indicative: “As long as the Colosseum (the largest amphitheater of Rome) is intact, Rome will live, when the Colosseum falls, Rome will fall, and when Rome falls, the whole world will fall.”

In territorial terms, the Ottonian empire was not inferior even to the Carolingian. In the X-XI centuries. it included two-thirds of the territory of Italy, Germany, Burgundy (entered at the end of the specified period), Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, Hungary, and Denmark.

An important role in the position of the Holy Roman Empire was played by the relationship of emperors with the popes. Already Otto I introduced the obligatory oath of the Pope to the emperor, which was an expression of the subordination of the papacy to the empire. At the same time, receiving the crown from the hands of the Pope made the emperor dependent on the papal throne and posed a danger to the future of the empire.

The first friction with the papacy arose already with Emperor Otto I. He was forced to remove the initially obedient, but soon indignant Otto guardianship, Pope John XII and put the faithful Leo VHI on the papal throne. Otto I and his successors managed temporarily (X century - first half of the XI century) to establish the actual domination of the emperors over the Popes, which strengthened the power of the first. The creation of special bodies in the annexed and conquered regions of the empire also contributed to the strengthening of this power: a Special Chancellery for Italy was created, the positions of chancellor, palatine counts and imperial envoys were introduced, governors were appointed to Burgundy. Later, Frederick I tried to place his officials, called "podestas", over the Lombard cities.

Otto I had to conflict with Byzantium, which did not want to recognize the newly-minted "Roman Emperor". However, a compromise was eventually found, crowned by the marriage of the son of Otto I and the Byzantine princess Theophano.

After the death of Otto I, the throne passed to his 17-year-old son Otto II (973-983), who was crowned imperial at the age of 12. Continuing his father's policy, Otto II successfully overcame the resistance of the discontented part of the German nobility, fought with France over Lorraine, and made a traditional campaign in Italy. The emperor participated in the war for southern Italy with the Sicilian Arabs, who were supported by Byzantium. During this war, Otgon P miraculously escaped from Arab captivity, when the German army was suddenly attacked by light Arab cavalry and was almost completely destroyed. Otto II fled to a Greek ship, but was nearly taken prisoner by the Byzantines. He barely managed to swim to shore. But even this did not cool the emperor's warlike ardor. The military plans of Otto II in southern Italy were destroyed only by death.

When Otto P died, his son Otto III was only 3 years old. In Germany, a struggle began for the guardianship of the infant emperor already crowned in Aachen. Guardianship gave the right to power. Theophano, who ruled like a queen mother, emerged victorious. Theophano showed outstanding political and diplomatic talent, pursuing a rather energetic domestic and foreign policy. She firmly steered the ship of the empire on the course set by her father-in-law and her husband. On documents, Theophano signed: “Theophano, by the grace of God, the empress” or even “Theophano-nius, by the grace of God, emperor.” After her death, the 60-year-old grandmother of Otto III, Adelgeida, took the throne, who took care of her grandson until 994, when at the age of 14 he began to independently rule the empire.

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среда, 26 августа 2020 г.

News update 26/08/2020 (11)

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среда, 26 августа 2020 г.

News update 26/08/2020 (11)

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среда, 26 августа 2020 г.