Media, News, Publishing: News archives update 11/01/2017 (5501)

But the most famous of the dynastic feuds was, perhaps due to its romantic name, the War of the Scarlet and White Roses that broke out in the 15th century. in England. The troubles and strife that preceded it began even earlier, at the end of the 14th century. The ruined lords tried to support the outgoing power with the help of weapons. They gathered armed detachments (in fact, real gangs) from relatives, vassals and mercenaries and began to terrorize their weak neighbors, rob on the roads. It was almost impossible to find justice for powerful lords. It cost them nothing not only to start a fight during the trial of one of the “comrades-in-arms”, but also to bring a retinue armed with clubs to parliament. So did the barons, and the princes of the blood who had aspirations to the throne, who were willingly supported by noble robbers who expected to benefit from a change in ruler.

In 1399, the Lancaster dynasty was firmly established on the English throne: the son of Duke John of Lancaster took the throne from his cousin Richard II Plantagenet and became King Henry IV Lancaster. However, he failed to rule calmly: unable to cope with the baronial unrest that did not stop throughout his reign, exhausted by a serious illness - leprosy, Henry IV in 1413 transferred the crown to his son. Henry V - young, talented, lucky - during his not too long reign, he managed to take part in the Hundred Years War, defeat the French at the Battle of Agincourt and make peace, according to which the king of England actually became the heir to the French throne. But Henry V did not have time to raise his heir. When he died of an accidental fever, his son was only ten months old. Henry VI grew up amid continuous quarrels of relatives and guardians vying for power and influence. The reign of a child king, as well as a king who did not have time to acquire a direct heir, is a fertile time for those who would like to become an heir themselves. Under Henry VI, Duke Richard of York (grandson of Edmund York, Henry IV's uncle), the owner of vast estates, a decisive and powerful magnate with a huge number of supporters, began to claim the throne. Richard York, not without reason, was feared and tried to keep away from the royal court. However, this was not easy to do. Henry VI grew up weak-willed and sickly, the favorite of his wife, the energetic Margaret of Anjou, ran the affairs.

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In 1450, taking advantage of the unrest in the country, Richard York arbitrarily left the post of Viceroy of Ireland, returned to England and began a show of force, managing, however, to show loyal feelings to Henry VI. The Duke and his supporters directed the main blow against the Duke of Somerset, who enjoyed unlimited power under the royal couple. The House of Commons, which supported York, insisted on his expulsion, but Henry VI showed enviable firmness. Then, in 1451, one of the deputies of parliament directly made a proposal to proclaim Richard York the heir to the throne (the king had no children for a long time). In response, Henry VI dissolved Parliament and imprisoned the defiant deputy in the Tower. From that moment on, an open confrontation began between the Yorks, in whose coat of arms a white rose was depicted, and the Lancasters, in whose coat of arms there was a scarlet rose: the war of the Scarlet and White Roses. This rivalry resulted in a bloody thirty-year slaughter.

In August 1453, Henry VI, as a result of a strong fright, was damaged in his mind. Taking advantage of this, Richard York achieved for himself the most important position - the protector of the state. But sanity returned to Henry VI, and the duke's position was shaken. Not wanting to part with power, Richard York gathered armed detachments of his followers. He decided that death on the battlefield is better than death on the scaffold. In 1455, in the town of St. Albans, a battle took place between the troops of the duke and the king in the narrow streets. The outcome of the battle was decided by the young supporter of York, the Earl of Warwick, who, breaking through the fences and gardens with his people, hit the royal troops from the rear. In half an hour it was all over. Many Lancasters - supporters of the king, including the Duke of Somerset, died. The king himself was in the hands of Richard of York. The relatives of the dead seigneurs burned with revenge. Thus began the war of the Scarlet and White Roses. After the battle, supporters were clearly identified on each side: the Yorks were supported by the more developed south-eastern regions of England, London merchants, townspeople - those who were interested in establishing a strong royal power. The Lancasters were supported by the independent feudal lords of Northern England. However, considerations of momentary personal gain, fear of revenge and greed gave rise to a huge number of traitors and defectors during this war.

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After the defeat at St. Albans, Henry VI was again seized by madness, and Queen Margaret led the fight against Richard York. At the end of 1460, she managed to take revenge - in a fierce battle in front of the gates of her Wakefield castle, Richard York died. Together with him, his 17-year-old son and many barons devoted to him died. With the survivors, the Queen dealt with unfeminine cruelty. The head of the deceased York, topped with a crown of gilded paper, was exhibited over the gates of the city of York as a warning to the new pretenders to the throne. The tragedy at Wakefield was soon learned by the eldest son of the deceased Duke of York, Earl Edward March and Warwick, who had once distinguished himself in a street fight, and now the leader of the Yorkists, a talented commander, orator and diplomat. They hurried to London, whose inhabitants were in a panic at the news of the approach of the army of Queen Margaret, her soldiers mercilessly plundered the cities that came across on the way. The York army was greeted with joy. Here Warwick successfully raised the question of the rights of Edward March to the throne * The Londoners agreed to declare him King Edward IV. On March 3, 1461, a deputation of lords and noble burgesses asked the Earl of March to accept the crown. But the solemn coronation of the 19-year-old king took place only after he, having defeated the Lancastrian troops in another battle, occupied York, cruelly avenged his father, drove Queen Margaret and Henry VI, who was with her, to Scotland and subjugated the north of the country.

The reign of Edward IV lasted 22 years (1461-1483). In the early years, the young king, putting the full burden of power on the faithful Warwick (nicknamed "the maker of kings"), spent his time in feasts and tournaments. But soon the royal rake turned into a smart, active ruler. Here he began to disagree with Warwick over relations with France: Warwick was in favor of an alliance with King Louis XI, and Edward was in favor of an alliance with his rival Charles of Burgundy. Disagreements ended in a complete rupture between the king and the "kingmaker". Warwick led a rebellion against Edward. The king's army was defeated, he himself became a prisoner of Warwick. Edward was not stingy with promises to regain his freedom, and Warwick soon released his prisoner. But the king was not at all going to fulfill his promises, and the struggle between him and his former associate flared up with renewed vigor. Gradually, Warwick became closer to the Lancastrians, even concluded an agreement with Queen Margaret. In 1470, he decided to create, or rather, recreate his next king. Henry VI, insane, infirm, who shortly before wandered unconscious on the roads of England with mendicant monks, then imprisoned in the Tower, was released by Warwick and proclaimed king. For half a year, Warwick could again rule autocratically. But in the spring of 1471, Edward IV, in a battle near the city of Varnet, defeated the troops of the rebellious count. Warwick was killed. The unfortunate Henry VI also soon died (or was killed, because his death happened at the right time). The Lancasters did not have a single possible contender for the throne. Only a distant relative of the House of Lancaster, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who had taken refuge in France, survived. However, the bloody strife did not stop there.

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суббота, 8 августа 2020 г.

News archives update 11/01/2017 (5501)

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