This battle was a real tragedy for France. The army was defeated, there were no funds to create a new one. It was also necessary to redeem the ill-fated John the Good from captivity, and this cost the country 3 million gold crowns. The enemy plundered France with impunity - there was no one to protect it and there was nothing. In such a situation, the captured king was forced to conclude a truce with the British, which legitimized all their conquests.
The defeat at Poitiers and the disasters that followed upon the country fell like a heavy burden on the shoulders of the French people. Peasants who could not defend themselves or hide behind the walls were robbed by both enemy soldiers and French mercenaries. The state, which needed funds to wage war, increased taxes. The feudal lords did exactly the same, imposing unbearable exactions on their peasants. And on top of all the troubles in 1348, France was visited by the Black Death - a plague that claimed more than a third of the population of the state. The survivors languished under the weight of the misfortunes that befell them. But the patience of the people was not unlimited. In the villages and cities, depopulated and plundered, dissatisfaction with the government, which was losing the war, and hatred towards the nobles, the army that failed to fulfill its duty, to protect France from the enemy, grew more and more.
The discontent of the people resulted in uprisings that shook the already devastated country for several years in a row. In 1356 an uprising broke out in Paris. The reason for it was the refusal of the Dauphin, the son of the captive king, to fulfill the requirements of the Estates General: to dismiss the members of the Royal Council and other important government officials. The heir, in front of whom two of his close associates were killed, were forced by the rebels to flee the capital. Following the Parisian uprising in May 1358, the Jacquerie broke out. “Jacques-simpletons” then contemptuously called the nobles of the French peasants. And these "Jacks", unable to endure the misfortunes that had befallen them, began a real peasant war. Residents of nearby villages organized detachments, armed themselves with pikes converted from braids (terrible in appearance, but uncomfortable in battle), pitchforks; they chose a commander - "captain" - and entered into battle with local seniors. "Jacques" attacked castles, burned documents in which feudal obligations were recorded, killed the t-o-spods themselves, as if trying to "extirpate the nobles of the whole world and become masters themselves." The uprising swept most of the regions of Northern France, and the government needed to make considerable efforts to suppress it. At the village of Mel-lo, the army of the rebels met with the army of knights. Its leader, Guillaume Cal, was lured into the camp of the feudal lords by deceit and killed. The peasants, having lost their commander, were not difficult to defeat. But even for several months after that, scattered peasant detachments continued to operate in different parts of the country. The nobles brutally dealt with the vanquished: they were executed, tortured, fined villages and villages. But still, the French lords remembered Jacquerie for a long time with horror and did not dare to increase the exactions from the peasants again. The defeat of Guillaume Cal's army hastened the end of the Paris uprising.
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In 1422, unexpectedly, in the prime of life, Henry V died, and a few months later the same fate befell Charles VI. Regardless of the terms of the treaty, the Dauphin Charles proclaimed himself King Charles VII. The British and the Duke of Burgundy recognized the 10-month-old Henry VI as king, for whom his uncle, the Duke of Bedford, began to rule. For France, a new stage of the war began - for independence. In the occupied lands, the British behaved as the conquerors should: ruining the population and brutally cracking down on the recalcitrant. In addition, during his lifetime, Henry V began to distribute the newly conquered lands of the French seigneurs to the English barons, and settled some ports in Normandy with the British. Exiled from their native land, the French had only one thing left to do - win or die.
The French people responded to the oppression of the conquerors with a guerrilla war. It reached a special scope when the Duke of Bedford began to brutally devastate the conquered territories. Soon the partisans achieved that the British risked leaving the fortresses only in large detachments, or even preferred to sit out in the citadels. In the cities they captured, secret ties were established with Charles VII, and conspiracies against the invaders were uncovered in Paris and Rouen. The British were in a difficult position: they hardly controlled the occupied territory, from which it was no longer possible to obtain funds to fight the partisans. Under these conditions, Bedford decided to improve things by capturing new, unspoilt areas of France. So, they planned the capture of Orleans. In 1428, the city was besieged by English troops. Orleans was considered a first-class fortress, and it was not easy to take it, but if this happened, the road to the south of France would open. Orleans had to endure. At this very time, when the fate of France was being decided, a strange young peasant woman appeared in the city of Tire on the Loire, where Charles VII was, who was already called by the people the Virgin, sent down by the Lord to save unfortunate France. The girl's name was Jeanne d'Arc. She managed to convince the king to give her an army. At the end of April 1429, Jeanne arrived with an army to the besieged Orleans. For four days the French fought for the fortifications under the city, and on May 8 the siege was finally lifted, which was the first great victory after almost a hundred years of defeat and grief. Having liberated the fortresses on the Loire, Jeanne insisted that Charles VII go to Reims, where French kings have been crowned for centuries. After the solemn coronation in the eyes of his people and all of Europe, Charles VII turned from a humiliated dauphin into the only legitimate ruler of France. Soon Champagne was liberated, an attempt was made, though unsuccessful, to take Paris by storm. In 1430, having arrived to the aid of Compiègne, besieged by the Burgundians, Jeanne d'Arc was captured and was extradited for 10 thousand gold pieces to the British, and a year later she died at the stake. Charles VII, - grateful, ”like most kings, acting primarily in their own interests, did nothing to help the girl to whom he owed the crown.
But the work begun by Joan of Arc did not perish. The French army was victorious. The king reformed the army: the lords were forbidden to have their own detachments, and the royal army became permanent and paid by the state through a system of state taxes. In 1435, the Duke of Burgundy, who unmistakably determined which side the force was on, made an alliance with Charles VII. Soon, under the pressure of the French, the British were forced to leave Normandy, Bordeaux, Paris. Only Calais remained in their hands (until 1558). In 1453 the war - so long and so painful for the French people - finally ended. It took 116 years to put an end to England's claim to the French throne and lands.
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Meanwhile, the war with England continued. In 1360, France was forced to make peace. His conditions were very difficult. True, the English king renounced his claims to the French crown, but a third of the country remained in the hands of the enemy. This peace provided a respite, much needed for France in order to at least slightly improve its internal affairs. The Dauphin, the son of John II, who soon became King Charles V, used this time to carry out reforms. The main changes concerned the army. Remembering the reasons for the defeats at Cressy and Poitiers, Charles strengthened discipline and increased royal control over the army. More attention was paid to the training of ordinary warriors. In addition, the king made sure that talented and capable military leaders commanded the army, and not those who applied for this position only because of the antiquity and nobility of their kind. Already in the mid-70s. 14th century reforms gave their result: the British in the south-west of the country were defeated. Only Bordeaux, Bayonne and the coast between these cities remained in their hands. But soon new misfortunes fell upon France.
King Charles V died, and in 1380 he was replaced on the throne by the sick, half-mad Charles VI. The royal power weakened, which was used by the noble lords, who were not slow to cause a terrible civil strife. France, torn apart by the squabbles of the feudal lords, was saved from another enemy invasion only by the fact that England was restless: a peasant uprising broke out under the leadership of Wat Tyler. But the internal strife again weakened France, which lost its successes in the reorganization of the army, achieved under Charles V. And this was not long in coming, as soon as in 1415 the British resumed hostilities against France. On October 25 of the same year, at the Battle of Agincourt, the French knights were again defeated. The British captured Normandy and Maine. France for the umpteenth time found itself without an army and without the means to assemble it. In addition, the most active participant in the recent internecine strife, the Duke of Burgundy, having become in fact an independent sovereign in his lands, entered into an alliance with the British. This was real change. With the help of the Burgundians, the English king Henry V achieved great success and in 1420 forced France to sign a difficult and shameful peace in the city of Troyes. Under this treaty, the country lost its independence and became part of the united Anglo-French kingdom. During the life of the mentally ill Charles VI, Henry V himself became the ruler of France, then the throne was to pass to his son Henry VI. The son of Charles VI, the Dauphin Charles, was deprived of the right to inherit. France was dying. However, two years later, everything changed dramatically, and events unfolded with renewed vigor.
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