Media, News, Publishing: News 25/06/2020 (325600)

Muhammad was born around 570 in Mecca. From his youth, he, like his entourage, was engaged in caravan trade. Much of Muhammad's influence among the Meccans was due to his elder wife, Aisha (Khadija), the widow of a wealthy merchant. When Muhammad was 40 years old, in the month of Ramadan according to the lunar Arabic calendar, an event occurred that contributed to the birth of a new religion. At night, on Mount Hire in the vicinity of Mecca, Muhammad, who had retired there, was, according to him, spoken by the supreme god of the Arabs - Allah. Allah (or his messenger Jabrail) made Muhammad repeat the words of the holy book. Muhammad was finally convinced of the divine revelations by Khadija and her cousin Baraka. Muhammad began to publicly preach the truths revealed to him, the set of which he called the Koran (“knowledge”). Unlike the Bible with its stories about the universe and ancient people, the Koran is a sermon on behalf of Allah. Faith is proclaimed in one God - Allah, who created the world and rules it. The main values are obedience to God, private property, certain moral commandments. In confirmation of the stated truths, stories are given, among which there are many borrowed from the Bible. So, there is a sura (chapter) "Nuh" about the global flood and Nuh (Noah). In one of the most popular suras - "Yusuf" - it is told about Yusuf (Joseph the Beautiful), who carried the commandments of Allah through many trials and shamed his brothers, who out of envy threw him into the well. Among the great prophets - the predecessors of Muhammad - Musa (Moses) and Isa (Jesus Christ) are named.

Islam consolidated the division of society into rich and poor community members, obedience to the authorities, asserted the undivided power of a man over a woman. The moderate tastes of the Arabians corresponded to the rejection of pork, wine, gambling and usury. In his first sermons, Muhammad foreshadowed the nearness of the Last Judgment and retribution for the righteous in paradise with beautiful gardens and springs (the eternal dream of desert nomads), and for sinners in the torments of hellfire. In the future, the preacher focused his attention on earthly life. At first, many in Mecca did not take Muhammad seriously. Then the merchants - supporters of polytheism - began to persecute him, but at the same time a small group of adherents of Muhammad appeared. On September 20, 622, the herald of Islam arrived from Mecca to Yathrib, where the new doctrine was more popular among the noble landowners. He continued to preach there, got a house and created next to it the first Muslim temple - a mosque. In Yathrib, Islam spread widely with the help of local authorities, headed by Muhammad. It was customary to pray to Allah 5 times a day. Muslims said: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet (messenger)".

Around Yathrib, on the ideological basis of Islam, scattered neighboring tribes began to unite, many of which were conquered by force. The main task of Muhammad was to subjugate Mecca. After several years of enmity with her, Muslims in

In 629, they received permission to make a hajj - a pilgrimage to the shrine of the Arabs, the temple of the Kaaba ("cube"), where a mysterious black stone - a meteorite that fell from the sky - had long been embedded in the wall. A year later, the Muslims finally finally occupied Mecca and destroyed the images of the old gods. Since then, it has become a sacred center for Muslims, where pilgrimages are made every year in the month of Zulhija (the last month of the year). Adherents of Islam pray facing Mecca (the first Muslims faced Jerusalem). Yathrib remained the capital of the united state, having received the name "city of the prophet" - Medina-tal-Nabi (or simply Medina). In the same

630 AD Nomads of the inner regions of Arabia and the city of Taif submitted to Muhammad. The Arab nobility sought to strengthen their power by capturing the fertile Yemen and invading military detachments in the regions of Byzantium and Iran. The troops were already being equipped when, in 632, Mohammed died.

After strife over power between the old adherents of Muhammad and the Medinan nobility, a "deputy" of the prophet, the Caliph, was elected. They became the merchant Abu Bakr, father-in-law and friend of Muhammad. In the future, each ruler of the Arabs declared himself a caliph. The cult of the Prophet Muhammad was consolidated, the Koran was streamlined, written down mainly during his lifetime, the month of the revelation of the prophet - Ramadan - became the time of the Muslim fast, and the moment of flight to Medina ("Hijra") - the beginning of the Muslim era.

The invasion of the troops of the Caliphate in the regions near the Jordan River, which belonged to Byzantium, and the conquest of Yemen, which was subject to the Iranian kingdom of the Sassanids, led the Arabs to clash with these two largest states. Directly adjacent to Arabia were countries once conquered by the Romans (Syria, Palestine, Egypt) and Iranians (Mesopotamia). Significant differences in the position of the indigenous population and the ruling elite of foreign origin, the existence of slavery did not contribute to the interest of the local population in maintaining Byzantine and Iranian domination. In addition, Byzantium and Iran exhausted each other with endless wars for the border areas. The Arab caliphs took advantage of this. They called on the tribes

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четверг, 25 июня 2020 г.

News 25/06/2020 (325600)

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четверг, 25 июня 2020 г.