среда, 24 февраля 2021 г.

English cities DA80

Restoration of the Western Empire in the middle of the X century. does not significantly change the deplorable state of the Roman church. The emperors of the Saxon dynasty change popes on the throne just as freely as the Italian feudal freemen did a few years ago. The moon eclipses the sun, the second sword refuses to subdue the first. The best minds of the Catholic Church are intensely looking for a way out of the current situation. Yes, Rome did not stand the test of power - but maybe the power itself is to blame for this, it was simply not what it should be? The papacy, which has hitherto obediently followed the development of European feudalism, sets itself the daunting task of creating a completely new mechanism of power that opposes the feudal order. Historians call this program a "universal theocracy"; in simpler terms, it can be said that in Rome they set out to make the power of the Pope the highest and essentially the only one in the whole of Christendom.


The reorganization of the church began, as it were, gradually, it was not always noticeable and at first did not seem dangerous to the triumphant empire. Reforming popes succeeded each other in Rome, declaring the need to purify the church, renew the faith, and return to the simplicity of the manners of the early Christians. The German emperors treated such ideas very favorably, since by "simplicity of morals" they understood obedience to their power. However, the true intentions of the reformers were different. The most famous of them, the monk Hildebrand, who later became Pope under the name of Gregory VII (1073-1085), declared: "The Lord did not say: My name is Custom." Gregory meant by this that the time of "custom", feudal arbitrariness, power based on brute force, had come to an end. The papal state intended to rely now on another power - the power of the righteous, casting out the demon from the possessed, and this, according to the same Gregory, could not be done by any king and emperor. "Custom", feudal law, was the demon that the Pope intended to cast out of Christendom.

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The "devil's spell" began in 1059, when a church council in Rome established a new procedure for electing popes. Now the Pope was elected by a meeting of cardinals - the highest clergy of the Catholic Church; the emperor could not influence their decision. Cardinals, in turn, could only be appointed by the Pope, who occupies the Holy See. The Council also spoke out against secular sovereigns confirming bishops appointed by the Pope. The Church was turning into a self-governing state independent of anyone, a "Christian republic" covering almost all of Europe. The emperors had nothing to object to this on the merits - they were reminded that the early church of Christ was also independent of the secular authorities.

Nevertheless, the emperors were stubborn. Then in Rome they announced that any secular power comes from the Devil, and demanded unquestioning obedience. And an unprecedented thing happened: shocked Europe learned that Emperor Henry IV humbly begged Pope Gregory VII for forgiveness on his knees. The fantastic dreams of the Roman reformers were beginning to take shape. Why did this happen?

First, by the end of the XI century. European society itself has changed significantly. It became much more colorful and complex, it was more and more difficult to manage it in the old way. Therefore, the idea of ​​the primacy of the Roman pontiff over secular sovereigns unexpectedly found many supporters among the laity.

Secondly, the Popes managed to turn the Holy See into the best organized state of the then Europe. The state machine of Rome was impeccably debugged; many of the royal chancelleries of the Middle Ages were later modeled after the papal one; notaries and lawyers of the Holy See were highly regarded in all European countries.

Thirdly, the popes succeeded in winning over a significant part of the petty chivalry. These people also did not like the "custom", which made them rigidly dependent on powerful lords. In addition, for decades, the papacy has been intensively introducing into the consciousness of chivalry the idea of ​​"the army of Christ", in which chivalrous courage would be put at the service of the goals and ideals of the entire Christian society. The efforts of the church ended in success: in 1095, the “army of Christ” enthusiastically responded to the call of Pope Urban II (1088-1099) to march on Jerusalem (see the article “Crusaders and Crusades”).


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