четверг, 21 апреля 2022 г.

News update 21/04/2022 1



Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the brightest figures of modern history, was born on August 15, 1769 in the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica.

Corsica had just become a French possession. Napoleon's father, the nobleman Carlo Buonaparte (this is what Napoleon's Italian surname originally sounded like), together with the Corsican hero Paoli, fought against the French conquerors, but then preferred a peaceful life. Paoli called him a traitor for this.

Despite their noble origin, the Buonaparte family lived very modestly, even poorly. Eight children had to be trained and brought out into the people. The three elders were lucky. The first son, Joseph, was sent by his father to study as a lawyer in France, the second, Napoleon, he attached to the Brienne military school, also in France, and gave his daughter Eliza to a boarding school. All of them lived and studied for the state, i.e. state account.

Napoleon had a hard time in France. Unlike his rich French fellow students, he did not have a fashionable uniform and money for entertainment. Therefore, the future emperor tried to stay away from the noisy companies of classmates. Everyone was brought gifts from home, Napoleon did not receive them. The Buonaparte family did not even have the means for their son to come home for the holidays. Napoleon spoke French with a strong Italian accent, which elicited malicious ridicule from his comrades. For all these reasons, the young man had practically no friends, and he studied with zeal. The future commander was very fond of mathematics, read books on history, geography, was fond of modern and ancient literature.

Science was surprisingly easy for him. Difficulties caused only foreign languages. But perseverance helped to cope with this. In 1784 he was transferred to the Paris military school, the best in the country. Having successfully completed the course of sciences, Napoleon in 1785 was sent from school to the garrison in the city of Valence with the rank of second lieutenant of artillery.

In the same year, he suffered a heavy grief: his father died. The responsibility for the whole family fell on the shoulders of a 16-year-old boy.


In 1789 the French Revolution began. Paris spread the coveted and incomprehensible word "freedom" to all corners of the country. The Bastille fell and the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" was adopted. Many were surprised to learn that "people are born and remain free and equal in rights", which, it turns out, they have. France was seething with passion. Napoleon enthusiastically accepted what had happened. A passionate patriot of Corsica, he yearned for freedom for his little island and hurried home. The fiery revolutionary, who rushed to make Corsica happy with the spirit of Freedom, was surprised to notice the indifference and even gloating about the "confusion on the continent." Cheerfully, Napoleon decorated his house in Ajaccio with the slogans “Long live the nation! Long live Paoli! Long live Mirabeau! But both the French nation and the idol of Paris, Mirabeau, left the Corsicans indifferent. Here Paoli is independence, it was clear. Finally, the hero-liberator Paoli appeared. Napoleon, who wrote the history of Corsica and its struggle for freedom while still at school, tried to ingratiate himself with his idol. But in vain. Paoli did not forget the "betrayal" of Napoleon's father, Carlo Buonaparte, and was not going to forgive even his son. Napoleon carried the ideas of the French Revolution, while Paoli had somewhat different plans. In general, Napoleon became the political and personal enemy of his former idol. He had to escape from arrest by running at night along a mountain path to the other end of the island. In 1791, the future emperor left Corsica with his family for France and never returned to his native island.


On 9 Thermidor (July 27), 1794, a coup d'état took place. The Jacobin government was overthrown and executed. Their supporters and people close to them were persecuted. General Buonaparte was among them. Miraculously, he escaped arrest and execution, but was forced to resign. So at the age of 24 he became a retired general.

In 1795 the hero of Toulon was remembered. In Vendémière (September) a royalist mutiny broke out in Paris. The French government instructed Napoleon to suppress it. On the 13th of Vendémière, having shot the royalists with cannons, he restored calm in the capital. It was clearly a very dashing general. True, almost no one remembered the victory in 1793, there were many glorious victories, and the execution of rebels is not a victory over the enemy in battle.

However, having turned from the hero of Toulon into the "General Vandemière", Napoleon once again declared himself. He began to be needed. After two years of poverty and oblivion, he again felt on horseback.

General Bonaparte (no longer Buonaparte), as a true Frenchman, proposed to the government a plan for the conquest of Italy. They gave him an army. Naked, hungry, inexperienced, very young. Napoleon, burning with the desire to fight, did not really pay attention to such trifles. He hoped to find everything he needed in Italy, and in the spring of 1796 he launched an Italian campaign.

Northern Italy was then under Austrian rule. The first battle took place in the mountains, near the village of Montenotto. And the French army won it. “We started with Montenotto,” Bonaparte said with pride later. Other major battles with the Austrian army (Arcol and Lo-di) also ended in victory. French troops took Venice and Rome. The Austrians sued for peace. General Bonaparte signed the peace on his own. Paris was forced to approve this, because he was the only general to win such brilliant victories. The banners of the defeated armies fell at the feet of the admiring France, the trophies flowed like a river. Bonaparte became the most popular man.

In 1798 he returned to Paris with a peace treaty and a plan for a new campaign, this time in Egypt. France was at war with England. England on her island was invulnerable, because France did not have a strong fleet, and Bonaparte offered to conquer Egypt - an English colony.


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In 1793 France was in a very difficult position. The coalition—a union of European states—declared war on it. Enemies attacked from the north and from the south. A royalist mutiny broke out in the port of Toulon. The city was captured by the British, from here they were going to launch an attack on the south of France.

The siege of Toulon by the French revolutionary army lasted two months, but they failed to take it. Captain Buonaparte offered his services to the fatherland. His plan to storm the city was risky, but had a chance of success. The plan was accepted. On December 17, the assault on Toulon began. Napoleon was at the head of the attackers, was wounded. By the evening of December 18, Toulon had fallen. Napoleon Buonaparte won his first victory. The French Republic awarded him the rank of general. The general was only 24 years old.




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