вторник, 22 марта 2022 г.

Transport on photos



People of the Middle Stone Age paid more and more attention to the collection of edible plants, and not all in a row, but those that gave more fruit and were easier to collect. Among them were the progenitors of modern cereals - wheat, barley, rice, which in some parts of Asia formed entire fields. In America, the attention of people was especially attracted by corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, and the inhabitants of the Pacific Islands - various edible tubers like yams or taro.

Cereals were very useful. Their grains contained nutrients and were well nourished. Such grains could be crushed; when water was added, they softened and became like porridge. They were also ground between two stones and flour was obtained, which was mixed with water, and the simplest cake was baked from the resulting mass on a hot stone. Grains could be stored for future use, which is very important - after all, hunting was not always successful, and wild fruits of plants can be harvested only at certain times of the year. Both meat and such fruits are much more difficult to preserve than well-dried grain. By accumulating its supply, you can save yourself from hunger.

Knowing where the fields of wild cereals are located and when they ripen, communities of hunters with their wives and children began to come there. Grains directly from the ears were shaken into bags or baskets. They also began to cut the stems, for this they used a straight reaping knife - the predecessor of the sickle, its base was bone or wooden, the blade was several sharp stone plates fixed in it.

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Gradually, people realized that it was not necessary to go far to the fields of wild wheat or barley. Their grains also sprouted in the ground near the village. Slightly loosening it, you can grow them yourself, protect crops from wild animals and birds. This work was not particularly difficult, it could be done by women, old people and even children. To loosen the soil, tools were used to dig out edible roots, dug holes. So people gradually became farmers.

At the same time, people began to tame wild animals. The first of these was a dog - a hunting assistant and a protector from predators and enemies. The wild ancestors of sheep, goats, pigs, cattle lived in Asia. In America, the only animal that could be tamed was the llama.

Probably, the first attempts to tame rather harmless herbivores were made earlier, when cute kids and lambs fell into the hands of hunters. At first, children played with them. But then, when these animals grew up and it became more and more difficult to feed them, they ran away or were eaten. Now, when people could live in one place for a significant part of the year, pens could be built for the cubs of animals. Growing up, the females gave offspring. Gradually, goats and sheep became more and more tame and not only were not afraid of people, but even followed them, because they received food from them.


Now meat and skins were not only obtained by hunting, but also received through cattle breeding. Shepherds appeared, driving their flocks to pastures. People learned how to spin threads from animal wool, weave, sew clothes. Later they began to receive milk and make cheese and cottage cheese from it.

The transition to agriculture and cattle breeding played a huge role in the life of mankind. This event was so significant that it is called the "Neolithic Revolution". New forms of life began to take shape as early as the Middle Stone Age, but they spread to wider areas later, in the new Stone Age - the Neolithic (in Greek, "neolith" - "new stone"). The "Neolithic Revolution" took not tens or even hundreds of years, but millennia. For those times, such a pace was not slow.
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