French cars 1

After the fall of Constantinople, calls to go and liberate the Holy Land subsided for a while, until the children of Germany and France in 1212 set off on this feat, which turned out to be their death. The four crusades of the knights to the East that followed did not bring success. True, during the 6th campaign, Emperor Frederick II managed to liberate Jerusalem, but the “infidels” regained what they had lost after 15 years. After the failure of the 8th crusade of the French knights in North Africa and the death of the French king Louis IX the Saint there, the appeals of the Roman pontiffs for new "feats in the name of the faith of Christ" did not find a response. The possessions of the crusaders in the East were gradually captured by Muslims, until at the very end of the 13th century. The Kingdom of Jerusalem did not cease to exist.

True, in Europe itself, the crusaders existed for a long time. By the way, those German knight dogs who were defeated on Lake Peipsi by Prince Alexander Nevsky were also crusaders. Popes up to the 15th century organized crusades in Europe in the name of the extermination of heresies. But these were only echoes of the past. The Holy Sepulcher remained with the "infidels", this loss was accompanied by huge sacrifices - how many paladins remained forever in the Holy Land? But along with the returning crusaders, new knowledge and craftsmanship, windmills, cane sugar, and even such a familiar custom for us to wash our hands before eating, came to Europe. So, having shared a lot and taking thousands of lives in payment, the East did not yield a single step to the West. The great battle that lasted 200 years ended in a draw.

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Monasticism was not an invention of the Western European Middle Ages. Already in the first centuries of our era in Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor, people appeared who wanted to “serve God” in their own, special way. They settled in caves, deserts, and other hard-to-reach places, fed on wild fruits, grass roots, and edible insects. These hermits were revered as saints of the righteous - after all, they refused to live in a sinful world next to sinful people and chose the most direct path to salvation. The first monks remembered the words of Jesus addressed to the disciples; Christ advised them not to worry about food and a roof over their heads. If a person truly believes in God, then God will give him everything he needs, as he gives to the birds of the sky. Therefore, the secluded and meager life of hermit monks was a sign of true, unshakable faith.

Many of the Eastern monks came up with additional tests of endurance for themselves: for years they did not leave specially dug holes or did not leave special elevations called “pillars”. Some took upon themselves the obligation to remain silent all their lives, not to change their clothes and not to wash... Such monks were called "ascetics" (according to the "feat" of faith that they performed); they most often settled in the mountains and deserts.

The ascetics strove to avoid the human neighborhood and each lived alone. In the west of Europe, such monasticism was inculcated with difficulty - the climate here was more severe, and the habit of social life was strong since Roman times. Therefore, in the western part of the Roman Empire (primarily in Italy), another variety of Eastern monasticism spread: monastic hostels, monasteries.

Initially, they were very small. Several "brothers" (as the monks called themselves) united for a righteous life under the guidance of the abbot (he was called "father"), who was chosen by all members of the monastic community. It cannot be said that the brothers who entered the monastery broke with the world completely, as did the Egyptian pillars and silencers. It's just that the monastic community replaced them with a big world full of injustice and violence. All the property of the brothers was common, and their small household was also common. The brothers prayed together to God, offering prayers both for themselves and for all Christians living the worldly life. It was believed that the prayers of the monks, people of the "holy life", most easily reach the Lord.