четверг, 4 марта 2021 г.

Science, transport, music, traditions, hotels links 2020

But not for all Christians in Western Europe, faith was a matter of meekness and mercy. At the same time that Saint Benedict was founding his exemplary monastic community at Montecassino (south of Rome), around the year 529, another direction in the monastic movement flourished in Europe - the monasticism of "feat". It originated in a country inhabited by people with hot blood and indefatigable imagination, lovers of adventure and dangerous fights - in Ireland. The Irish monks were somewhat similar to their Egyptian and Syrian predecessors - they worked miracles, lived on rocks barely protruding above the surface of the ocean, made sea voyages to unknown countries. The charm of Irish monasticism was so great that in the VI-VII centuries. monasteries founded by immigrants from Ireland appear in many countries of Europe. The Irish monks, together with the Benedictines, played an exceptional role in the spread of Christianity on the outskirts of Europe.


Thus, in the monasteries there was a business for the adventurous, and the modest worker, and the admirer of the wisdom of Aristotle and Plato.


The monastery was not only a place of escape from the world; it quickly became one of the most important parts of the medieval world. For a long time, the monasteries remained the main centers of science, culture and art: they set the fashion in architecture and book illustration, they contained monastic schools, where the children of noble lords studied. It was the monastic thinkers who intensely pondered the answers to the main questions that worried medieval man: when and how will God administer the Last Judgment? What awaits people after death? Is a person free in his actions in this life, or are all his actions once and for all predetermined by the will of the Lord? Cut off from family ties and social duties, the monks each acutely felt their individuality, uniqueness. Their inner, emotional life was much richer than the experiences available to the laity. Only gradually, by the XIII-XIV centuries. the thoughts and feelings of the self-absorbed monks would be taken over and assimilated by the medieval townspeople, and later developed by the philosophers of the Renaissance. The medieval personality, like a weak sprout, breaks out and takes root in the shadow of the monastery wall, after which it takes root in the shadow of another wall - the city. Here and there, she was well protected from too hot rays of direct sunlight - relations of power, strength and coercion.

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Monasticism also played a significant role in the economic life of the Middle Ages. The possessions of the monasteries were not divided during inheritance, as was the case with the lands of secular feudal lords, but constantly increased due to donations and donations. The monks, who were not distracted by military campaigns and entertainment, conducted their household more skillfully than the knights. New types of horse harness, horticultural and horticultural crops, more productive mills, plows - all this appeared first of all in the monastic estates and only then spread to the households of secular lords and peasants. Large monasteries had sufficient funds to clear forests for arable land and drain swamps. In VHI-X centuries. many abbeys (“abbot” in the West was called the abbot of the monastery; the word is derived from “abba” - father, father) turn into vast feudal lords, in which the peasants lived, perhaps, harder than under the rule of secular lords. In monastic farms, accounting and control over the execution of peasant duties was better established; in addition to this, literate monks formalized all their relations with the peasants on paper and, in controversial cases, were able to prove their case to the court. They demanded the same unquestioning obedience from the peasants as from the brethren: one English abbot ordered his peasants to use only the monastery mills (of course, for a fee); the peasants refused to obey. Then the abbot achieved his goal by force, taking away all the millstones from the peasants. As an edification to the rebellious, he ordered the floor of his reception room to be paved with these millstones.

Did the inhabitants of the monasteries manage to combine their growing wealth and power with the fulfillment of the rule of St. Benedict? Externally, yes. The bells still beat off Vespers and Matins, the monks fasted, prayed, sang hymns in church and copied books. But the wealthy Benedictines engaged in physical labor less and less and more reluctantly. The posts of abbots in large monasteries were seized by representatives of prominent feudal families and, in essence, were inherited. From the middle of the X century. some of the Benedictines put forward the idea of ​​reforming monastic life; the reformers, united around the French monastery of Cluny, considered it necessary to rid the monasteries of the control of the local nobility and return to the simple and strict requirements of the charter.

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