The importance of trading companies increased dramatically after the great geographical discoveries, which led to an unprecedented expansion of world trade. Huge territories of the countries of Asia, America, Africa were involved in its orbit.
In the XVI century. the most famous trading companies operated in England, where the emergence of capitalist production proceeded at the fastest pace. The rapidly developing English manufactories produced goods suitable for export. The government gave the richest merchants the monopoly right to trade with any region. The names of the most famous companies speak about the main directions of trade: Eastern, Moscow, Moroccan, Levantine, Guinean. There was no question of any competition. Prices rose by leaps and bounds, and merchants received huge profits. This allowed companies to make large payments to the treasury and even lend to crowned heads.
In 1600, the East India Company was founded, which received the right to trade with India and neighboring countries. The merchants had at their disposal the fastest English ships. They exported English-made products, especially woolen fabrics, and imported, in addition to luxury goods, raw materials - raw cotton, sugar, saltpeter, dyes, etc.
By developing new markets, trading companies often set the stage for colonial conquests. It is no coincidence that the British turned their trading settlements in India into fortresses. Trading companies began to leave the scene already at the beginning of the New Age, giving way to new forms of commerce more appropriate to the capitalist era.
The commercial activities of the trading companies of Western Europe in the late Middle Ages marked the pinnacle of entrepreneurial activity of the medieval merchant.
Tenacity of mind, endurance and vitality, perseverance in overcoming difficulties, courage and determination, enterprise, and the desire for enrichment became pronounced traits of the character of a European merchant. Being closely associated with the feudal system, the merchant acted at the end of the Middle Ages as a herald of a new socio-economic order - capitalism.
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Burger (from the German word "burg" - castle, fortress, city) - a resident of a Western European medieval city. Like a knight, a monk, a peasant, a burgher is one of the main characters in medieval history.
The early Middle Ages was an agrarian (agricultural) era. Most of the old ancient cities were destroyed and eked out a miserable existence. However, in the X-XI centuries. important changes took place in Western Europe. From among the peasants, who in their free time made the things they needed - clothes, tools, kitchen utensils - craftsmen emerged who made the craft their main occupation and left peasant labor.
Gradually, the craft separated from agriculture and became the occupation of a special group of people - artisans. Dissatisfied with the high dues demanded by the feudal lord, artisans ran away from their estates, wandered, and then founded settlements at crossroads, at river crossings and near convenient sea harbors. New dwellings were built near the walls of large monasteries and castles of noble feudal lords, among the ruins of Roman fortresses. You can always buy handicrafts here. Merchants came here, and soon merchants began to live here. It was to these settlements that peasants from the surrounding villages hurried to sell agricultural products and buy the necessary things.
The descendants of the inhabitants of these settlements - dependent peasants and village artisans who fled or moved by agreement with their masters to the city that was being born before their eyes - were the first burghers.
Cities grew as centers of crafts and trade. Already in the XI century. ancient cities were revived and new cities arose in Italy and in the south of France. In Germany, many cities arose along the banks of large navigable rivers - the Rhine and Danube. Cities also appeared in other countries of Western and Central Europe.
Having arisen on the land of feudal lords and churches, medieval cities were under their rule. Seniors demanded numerous duties from the townspeople: for passage to the city, for the transport of goods, for the right to build houses, for the right to trade. The lord judged the townspeople, he could call them to his service in the city militia. Therefore, at first the burghers were powerless, as were the villagers.
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