Many large merchants became tax-farmers. They paid a certain amount of money to the state, which was always in need of funds, and for this they received (redeemed) the right to collect taxes from the population in their own pocket. Thanks to the merchant's assertiveness, he was never empty and the money spent on farming was returned a hundredfold.
Did not paint the medieval merchants and "hobbies" monetary speculation. Merchants everywhere tried to take advantage of the imperfection of the technique of minting money. Since the coins were beaten off with a hammer, the blows of which were of unequal strength, the edges of the coins turned out to be unequal. In addition, the share of gold in coin alloys also varied. Clever merchants sorted the coins by weight: the lightest ones were put into circulation, while the heavier ones were kept in order to grind them or treat them with aqua regia. The gold mined in this way was melted into ingots and appropriated.
Merchants grew rich in honest and not very honest ways. At the zenith of the Middle Ages, they already represented a significant social force. Wealthy merchants engaged in long-distance land or sea trade formed the basis of the patriciate of the cities (see Art. "Burger" and "Workshop"). The merchant sought to invest his money in land and buildings and thereby protect himself from complete ruin in the event of failure of another trade deal.
To the chagrin of the patrician merchants, in a feudal society, wealth did not yet guarantee the prestige that noble birth gave. Striving for maximum luxury, merchants began to build stone houses and even palaces, furnish interior chambers with special chic, indulge in hunting and other knightly entertainment, competing with each other in the sophistication of costumes. In 1462, the city council of Augsburg, as a punishment for wasting city money, forbade the patrician and merchant Ulrich Deydrich to wear sable, marten, velvet, and precious stones. It was difficult to hurt his pride more.
The influence of large merchants grew. The most successful of them began to join big politics. The scale of thinking developed in the affairs of trade proved to be extremely useful in this.
Cities France
Cities Spain
Cities Catalonia
Cities Pyrenees
Cities photos
Cities history
Cities description
Cities Europe
Amazing cities
Beautiful cities
Oldest cities
Dinner ideas
Recipes
Cooking recipes
Ideas to eat
Exclusive recipes
Meat recipes
Fish recipes
Vegetarian recipes
Nutrition
Diet
Cuisine
Eating
Nutrition and health
Science
Modern science
Interviews with scientists
Science trends
Fundamental science
Russian science
European science
Interviews with physicians
Interviews chemistry
Interviews biology
Interviews mathematicians
Computer sciences
Motorcycles
Motorcycles photos
Motorcycles descriptions
Motorcycles characteristics
Fastest motorcycles
European motorcycles
Russian motorcycles
Museum motorcycles
Vintage motorcycles
Rare motorcycles
Motorcycles history
Cheap motorcycles
Expensive motorcycles
Japanese motorcycles
French motorcycles
German motorcycles
Italian motorcycles
English motorcycles
American motorcycles
Spanish motorcycles
Sport motorcycles
Russian motorcycles
Soviet motorcycles
Aprilia motorcycles
BMW motorcycles
Derbi motorcycles
Ducati motorcycles
Harley Davidson motorcycles
Honda motorcycles
Husqvarna motorcycles
Indian motorcycles
Kawasaki motorcycles
MV Agusta motorcycles
Moto Guzzi
Royal Enfield
Suzuki motorcycles
Triumph motorcycles
Vespa motorcycles
Victory motorcycles
Yamaha motorcycles
Terrot motorcycles
Cromwell motorycles
Mash motorcycles
René Gillet motorcycles
Zundapp motorcycles
Montesa motorcycles
Villalbí motorcycles
Transport
Civil transport
Military transport
Army transport
Transport history
Museum transport
Aviation
Aircrafts
Tanks
Armored vehicles
Fighting vehicles
Helicopters
Trucks
Autobuses
Trains
Railroad transport
Bicycle transport
______________________________
Andorra
Andorra business
Andorra tourism
Andorra weather
Andorra hotels and accommodation
Andorra ski
Pyrenees
Pyrenees tourism
News of Spain and France
Architecture drawings
Museums and sights of Spain and France
Cars
Cars drawings and colorings
Castles and fortresses
Cities of Spain and France
Dinner ideas
Nutrition and diet
Fairy tales
Folk of Spain and France
History
Science
Motorcycles
Music
Transport
Transport on drawings
Lyon
Bordeaux
Nantes
Cannes
Saint-Tropez
Monaco
Marseille
Nice
San Sebastian
Bilbao
Biarritz
Carcassonne
Toulouse
Perpignan
Narbonne
Lloret de Mar
Tossa de Mar
Figueres
Girona
Lerida
French Riviera
Costa Daurada
Costa Brava
Montserrat
Best hotels of France
Atlantic resorts of France
Mediterranean resorts of France
Best travel destinations
Submarines
Catalan cuisine
Catalan literature
Catalan language
Mad Max cars
Dogs drawings
Buy ski equipment
Андорра
Андорра бизнес
Андорра туризм
Пиренеи
Пиренеи туризм
Новости Франции и Испании
Интервью с интересными людьми
Фоторепортажи
Рисунки архитектуры
Вкусные рецепты
Транспорт рисунки
Еда, диета, питание
Города мира
Замки и крепости мира
Музыка
Музеи и интересные места
История Европы
Мотоциклы
Русский мир
Сказки
Наука
Рисунки и раскраски машин
Транспорт
Фестивали и народные традиции Европы
Где отдохнуть
Куда поехать
Иммиграция в Испанию
Как ориентироваться на местности
Климат Испании
Правила поведения зимой в горах
Обморожение
Лыжи безопасность
Рисунки собак
Подводные лодки
Купить горнолыжное оборудование
Voitures
Actualités
Châteaux
Architecture sur les dessins
Dessins et coloriages des voitures
Transport et engins militaires
Les lieux intéressants
Motos
Musique
Science moderne
Transports sur les dessins
Villes
Andorre
Andorre tourisme
Andorre ski
Meteo Andorre
In the developed Middle Ages in Europe, special trade "crossroads" were formed. In the Mediterranean there was one of them, connecting Spain, Southern France, Italy among themselves, as well as with Byzantium and the countries of the East. The merchants of Genoa and Venice played a huge role here. They said about the inhabitants of these cities: “All the people are merchants!” Luxuries, spices, alum, wine, grain were brought from the East. Cloth, other types of fabrics, gold, silver, weapons were delivered from West to East.
Another merchant region covered the Baltic and North Seas. North-Western Russia, Poland, the Baltic countries, Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Flanders, Brabant, Northern Netherlands, Northern France, England were involved in trade. Here they traded fish, salt, fur, wool, flax, hemp, wax, resin, timber, and later grain. In the XIV century. merchants from more than 70 German cities formed a trade union - the Hansa, which for a long time provided them with advantages in trade, not stopping even before military operations against rivals.
The merchant unions of the cities of Western Europe were called guilds and looked a lot like craft workshops (see Art. "Workshop"). To join the guild was allowed a contribution to the general cash desk and a feast for comrades. The guilds were headed by elders, and the order in them was regulated by the charter. They arose already at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries. in England, Germany, Flanders, France. Their members jointly protected the transported goods from robbers, together sought to expand their rights in the visited cities, helped each other in case of loss of goods, could redeem the one who fell into the chaff! fellow. Members of the guilds in their hometown had special privileges. They had a monopoly (i.e. exclusive) right to the most profitable retail sale of imported goods. (Note that in Russia since the 18th century, the term "guild" began to be used to refer to estate associations of merchants, distinguishing three guilds depending on the size of their capital.)
Комментариев нет:
Отправить комментарий