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As you know, the Ottoman Empire suffered a heavy defeat in the First World War. The Armistice of Mudros, signed in October 1918 on board the English cruiser Agamemnon, meant that the great power fell apart - the Arab territories came under the control of England and France, and allied troops landed in native Turkey (Anatolia). As a symbol of Britain's victory, British warships stood in the Bosphorus. The “sick man of Europe,” as the Ottoman Empire was often called in the 18th and 19th centuries, finally died, and the victors quite seriously negotiated the complete dismemberment of Turkey.

There were people who did not want to succumb to despondency and submit to fate. For a while, they operated quietly, secretly stockpiling weapons and ammunition and sending them to the interior of Turkey. They were led by the combat general Mustafa Kemal Pasha, whom Sultan Mehmed VI (Wahad-ed-din) appointed in May 1919 to the post of inspector of troops in Eastern Anatolia. Acting as the Sultan's representative, Kemal was given a good opportunity to act without arousing much suspicion from the allies. The course of events favored him and his supporters. Firstly, the British created the Armenian Republic in the Caucasus and promised to annex the eastern provinces of Turkey to it. Secondly, in May 1919, under the cover of the Allied fleet, Greek troops occupied the city of Smyrna (now Izmir). Armenians and Turks, Turks and Greeks were separated by centuries of cruel hatred, and in the past the struggle between them more than once turned into a massacre. While the Turks were the masters of the situation, they shed a lot of Armenian blood (especially during the time of Abdul-Hamid II and the Young Turks), and the Turks preferred war to submission to the Armenians. Terror and abuse of the Turkish population, which reigned in Smyrna, also caused a violent reaction, because. the Turks saw what fate their old enemies and former subjects, the Greeks, were preparing for them. The nationalist movement intensified and, under the influence of Kemal's appeals and appeals, acquired an organized and cohesive character. Many of the Turkish officers and soldiers, who were indecisive, joined him, although this meant disobedience to the Sultan - after all, the latter had already ordered the arrest of the general.

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In September 1919, a congress of representatives of the population was held in the city of Sivas. He announced the creation of a resistance movement led by Kemal Pasha and took the so-called "National Vow", which contained the terms of peace with the allies and the demand for the complete independence of Turkey. The Sultan became somewhat afraid of the Kemalists and therefore agreed to convene a parliament (Mejlis) in Istanbul. Kemal did not trust the Istanbul politicians and did not go to the capital, although he was elected to the Mejlis.

Indeed, already a month and a half after its convocation, the British sent their troops into the city, declared martial law, arrested 40 nationalist deputies and sent them into exile on the island of Malta. Turkey was again seized by strong excitement. Now it became clear to everyone that the Sultan was only a puppet in the hands of the British. Many deputies fled to the city of Angora (now Ankara), where, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, a parliament gathered that called itself the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNA). The assembly proclaimed itself the government of the country and declared that on the day the British occupied Istanbul, the power of the Sultan ceased to exist. With the exception of Istanbul and Smyrna, the Kemalists already then controlled the territory of the whole of Turkey.

In response, the Sultan declared the nationalist movement rebellious, and the head of the Muslim clergy (Sheikh-ul-Islam) called Kemal and his supporters apostates. The military court sentenced the general to death in absentia. He turned into an outlaw, a rebel and a traitor to Islam, who could be killed by any religious fanatic. The Sultan also declared “jihad” to the Kemalists, i.e. holy war, and created a special army to fight them. Representatives of the clergy were sent around the country to organize uprisings. Revolts took place everywhere, and Turkey was engulfed in a civil war, merciless on both sides. At the same time, the Greeks behaved as if they had become the masters of the country forever. They devastated the fertile valleys, drove out thousands of Turks who had become homeless. The Greeks advanced almost unopposed.

The Kemalists found themselves in a difficult position - a civil war consecrated by religion in their homeland, a foreign invasion also directed against them, and the allied powers stood behind the Sultan and the Greeks. But Kemal Pasha encouraged the Turks, emphasizing: “A people that makes every sacrifice for the sake of life and independence cannot be defeated. Defeat means the people are dead."

In August 1920, the Treaty of Sevres was published, drawn up by the allies for the defeated Turkey and signed by the Istanbul government. He assumed the dismemberment of the country and the control of the West over its internal affairs. The publication of the treaty aroused the indignation of the Turks, the influence of the nationalists grew even more, more and more people turned to them in search of ways to save the state. England and France wanted to force the rebels to accept the treaty by the forces of the Greek army. The real Greco-Turkish war began. Throughout the summer and autumn of 1920, success was on the side of the Greeks, who pressed the Turks. Kemal Pasha and his associates made every effort to create a combat-ready army from the remnants of the Ottoman troops. Help - weapons, ammunition, gold - came to them from Soviet Russia, which was interested in weakening the influence of its main enemies. In order to consolidate the special relationship between the Turks and Russia, the Bolsheviks gave them the Armenian cities of Kare and Ardagan, once annexed to the Romanov Empire.

In the spring and summer of 1921, the Greeks made a desperate attempt to take the capital of Kemal - Ankara. But the Turks managed to stop their offensive in the battle near the village of Inenu, and on August 23, 1921, a decisive battle began on the Sakarya River. For 22 days, both armies stood against each other on this river, waging continuous merciless battles with centuries of bitterness. It was the toughest test of endurance. The Turks were barely holding out when the Greeks began to retreat. Following their custom, the Greek army, retreating, burned everything in its path and turned 200 miles of fertile land into a desert. The VNST awarded Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who personally led the troops in the battle of Sakarya, the honorary title of "Gazi", which means "winner".

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вторник, 31 марта 2020 г.

News update 31.03.2020 (678)

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