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http://www.sostav.ru/blogs/193428/25434/

The experience of the old navigators was useful to the Carthaginians, both in terms of evolution and maneuvers, and in terms of navigation; they had few cases of applying their practice in battle, since for a long time they had not been opposed by a strong enemy experienced in naval warfare. However, they did not have an innate talent for warfare, especially on a large scale. Tactical skills existed among them, apparently, only in the most general terms. Be that as it may, seafaring experience was undoubtedly of great benefit to them, and the lack of this experience among the Romans caused the great losses that they suffered. But in a tactical sense, they managed to make up for the lack of naval experience with their clear view of the matter and practical acumen.

Success in ramming, which in those days was in general use and decided the fate of battles, was due to the speed of the ships, their agility and the skill of the commander (of course, with the appropriate high command); all these conditions were in favor of the Carthaginians.

Therefore, the Romans decided to use the only advantage they had over the Carthaginians - their legionnaires, the best soldiers in the world. At sea, it could only be used in a boarding battle, and in order to be able, contrary to the generally accepted way of fighting, to proceed to such a battle, they equipped their ships with a device completely unknown until then - boarding bridges. These footbridges bore the strange name of "ravens" (corvi); however, the Romans, apparently, also called them "iron hand" (manus ferrata).

Concerning the construction of these bridges, which Polybius describes rather vaguely, there are disagreements; the most probable is the following: on the bow of the ship, at the same distance from the stem and both sides, there was a vertical column 23 centimeters thick, which protruded 7.75 meters above the deck and in its upper part was equipped with a block through which a thick rope was passed ; the column from below rested against the keel and could rotate around a vertical axis. The boarding bridges themselves consisted of an 11-meter platform, 1.2 meters wide, on which the crossbars were stuffed, and on both sides a wall or railing was arranged to the height of the knees; the inner end of the platform was attached at a height of one step from the deck to a vertical post with a through bolt, on which it could rotate, as if on a hinge; at the height of the block, the rope mentioned above was attached to the platform, with the help of which the platform could be raised and lowered, like a drawbridge. In order to be able to set the platform almost vertically, and also in order to fit snugly against the post, a groove of 32/3 meters in length was made in it; nevertheless, the platform, even when fully raised, retained a somewhat inclined position, so that when the rope was released, it fell of itself; a heavy iron appendage was attached to the outer (upper) end of the platform, which had a wide and thick shape and a ring for tying in its upper part, and a sharp and slightly curved one in the lower part; in a section, this appendage had some resemblance to a crow's beak, which probably gave rise to the name of the whole device "crow".

Before meeting with the enemy, this platform remained raised, and then turned towards the enemy ship: when it collided with it or approached such a distance that the platform could be thrown onto the enemy deck, the rope fell and the platform fell; the "crow's beak" pierced the deck, or at least dug into it so deeply that, thanks to its twisted shape, it held firmly in it. At the same time, two soldiers were rushing across this bridge; the first two held the shields in front of them, and the next pairs put them on the side walls: then hand-to-hand combat began on the enemy ship, in which the Romans had no equal. Who owned the idea of these bridges is unknown, but the success of this invention is associated with the name of Gaius Duilius.

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A science that processes and studies quantitative indicators of the development of social production and society, their relationships and changes inextricably linked with their qualitative content. Statistics should not give arbitrary columns of numbers, but digital coverage of the various social types of the phenomenon under study that have been fully outlined or outlined by life. Lenin, working day and working year in the Moscow province.

2. Quantitative accounting in sm. areas of national economy, public life carried out by the methods of this science, as well as data from this account. Railway statistics. Agricultural statistics. Fertility statistics. □ Here [in Ilimsk] he wrote most of his writings; many of them relate to the statistics of Siberia. Pushkin, Alexander Radishchev. Swedes love precision. They have excellent statistics. Fish, Scandinavia in three persons.

3. The scientific method of quantitative research, used in a number of sciences. Star statistics can answer the question: how many stars in the sky. Ivanovsky, Roads to the stars.

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Mathematical statistics is a section of mathematics devoted to methods of systematizing and using quantitative data, quantitative indicators of smth. for scientific and practical conclusions.

Media, News, Publishing

среда, 25 декабря 2019 г.

Statistics - a branch of knowledge, a science that outlines general issues of collection, measurement, monitoring and analysis of mass statistical (quantitative or qualitative) data

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среда, 25 декабря 2019 г.

Statistics - a branch of knowledge, a science that outlines general issues of collection, measurement, monitoring and analysis of mass statistical (quantitative or qualitative) data

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среда, 25 декабря 2019 г.