понедельник, 11 апреля 2022 г.

News update 11.04.2022 1



Philip, in the fight against such a powerful force as the papacy, decided to rely on the nation and convened in April 1302 the first in French history the Estates General - a legislative assembly of representatives of the three estates of the country: the clergy, the nobility and the third estate. At this meeting, Pierre de Flotte, the first lay chancellor and keeper of the seals in the history of France, read out a scathing reply to the Pope. The nobles and townspeople expressed their full support for the king. The clergy behaved more cautiously: they only sent a petition to Boniface to allow the French clergy not to participate in the Council, convened by the Pope to condemn Philip. Boniface did not agree, but the French clergy were still not represented at the Council that opened in the fall of 1302. There, the Pope announced the bull "One Holy" (papal bulls were named after the first words), in which he declared that complete submission to the Pope in all matters, both spiritual and secular, is a condition for the salvation of the soul. In 1303, Boniface VHI excommunicated Philip from the church and released his subjects from the oath. In response, the king convened a meeting of the highest nobility and clergy, at which the new chancellor and keeper of the seal of the French kingdom, Guillaume Nogaret de Saint-Felix, accused Boniface of heresy and all kinds of atrocities. Philip, with the consent of this assembly, sent a small military detachment to Italy, led by Nogare and the enemy of the Pope, Chiara Colonna. The pope, having learned about this, fled from Rome to the city of Alanya (now - Anagni). On September 7, 1303, Nogaret and Colonna entered Alanya under the French royal banner and, with the support of the inhabitants of the city, arrested the Pope. Boniface showed considerable courage in refusing to abdicate despite all the threats. Some chroniclers claimed that Chiara Colonna hit the Pope in the face with a hand wearing an iron plate glove. A few days later, the mood of the townspeople changed, they expelled the Nogare detachment and freed the Pope. However, Boniface went crazy from the shock and died, according to some versions, from hunger, because. refused to eat for fear of poisoning. 10 months later, his successor Benedict XI also died. Philip was accused of this death, allegedly ordering the poisoning of the new Pope.
https://telegra.ph/News-update-15032022-03-31

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In 1305, after several months of struggle, the Frenchman Bertrand de Gaus, who took the name of Clement V, was elevated to the papal throne. This Pope was obedient to Philip in everything. He fully justified his position in the conflict with Boniface, removed the excommunication from the king, but refused to fulfill Philip's demand to condemn the deceased for heresy and unnatural vices and execute him posthumously - to dig up the corpse and burn it. At the request of Philip in 1308, Clement V transferred the papal throne from Rome to Avignon, which was then in the territory not directly subject to the French king, but which was in his sphere of influence. Thus began the "Avignon Captivity of the Popes" (see article "Papacy"), when the Roman pontiffs turned into French court bishops. The power of the French crown over the Catholic Church became almost absolute, which was manifested, in particular, in the trial of the Knights Templar (see Art. "Orders of Knights"). They were accused of heresy, unnatural vices, acquisitiveness and an alliance with Muslims, moreover, testimony was obtained with the help of cruel torture, and the evidence received by the same investigator from different people who did not know each other sometimes coincided verbatim.



In 1308, Philip again convened the Estates General, which approved the king's actions against the templars. A wave of trials swept through France; Pope Clement V timidly tried to protest, 1 but in the end approved all the charges against the Templars, recognized their executions as legal, and in 1311 abolished the order.



Having dealt with the Templars, Philip again turned his gaze towards Flanders, where anti-French forces again became more active. The king decided on a new campaign and, due to lack of funds, convened for the third time on August 1, 1314, the Estates General, this time to approve an emergency tax that would provide funds for waging war with Flanders. It was from this time that the States General began to influence the financial affairs of the country. However, the campaign did not take place - on November 20, 1314, Philip died, most likely from a stroke. But, since Pope Clement V and Chancellor Nogaret died shortly before the king, condemning the Templars to martyrdom, the rumor explained Philip's death by their curse or poisoning committed by the Templars, who were avenging their brothers.
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Principality of Andorra
Nearest airport and transport
Political system and Constitution
European history: Andorra
Catalan language. State language of Andorra
SS and pensions
Best education
Andorra economy
Law taxation in Andorra
Offshore company formation in Andorra
Europe immigration. Residence in Andorra
Best banks
Real estate market review
Best investment
Cheap shopping
Andorra relocation guide
Documents for immigration. Application process
Andorra transfer
Traffic report
Governmental and state organizations
Hotels in Andorra. Full list
National cuisine of Andorra. Main dishes
Andorra ski resorts. Full list with discriptions
Longest toboggan in Naturlandia
World best thermal SPA
Best bicycle trip
Ice skating in Canillo
Best museums in Andorra
Ecological tourism in Andorra
Architecture, monuments and sightseeing
Interesting excursions
Where to save money?
Custom rules
Cheap electricity
Around the world
Taxes in Spain
Best Barcelona excursions
Petrol and diesel prices
Emergency services. Police, Fire, Ambulance, Mountain Rescue
Where is free wi fi?
Where to study abroad?
Andorra by bus
Andorra post codes
Best museum of motorcycles
Members of Andorran Government
Andorra Europe
Optimal accommodation process
Mercedes-Benz CLS AMG test drive
European best wines
World best countries
Andorra Spain
Andorran money
Flora and fauna
Relief and altitudes
Industry, agriculture, natural resources
Andorra climate
Coat of arms of Andorra
Flags of the world
Anthem of Andorra
Political parties of Andorra
Best mountain fishing
Best family parks
Andorra karting
Highest golf ground in Europe 
Where is safe?
8th September, Meritxell – Day of Andorra, the main state holiday. Day off
New year ski
Andorra la Vella capital
Best holiday destination in Europe
Sant Julia de Loria
Ordino
La Massana
Canillo
Encamp
Escaldes-Engordany
French taxes
Euro coins collecting
Police radar map
Andorra ski map with slopes
Andorra weather and snow report
Pagani Zonda 760 LM
Best place for living in Andorra
Dialing Andorra
Embassies and consulates of Andorra
Secure communications and internet
Taxes in European countries
Andorra visa
Andorra ski deals
Sunny place
What is the success?
Helicopter rent
Cheap fashion
Tourism guide
Population of Andorra
Cheap ski holidays
Electricity rates
Automatic tax exchange agreement. Full list of the countries
Andorra cities
Andorra flights
Where to ski?
FIS ski
Via ferratas & mountaineering
European countries
Andorra facts
Travel websites
Andorra train
Cheap ski vacations
Money making process
Really rich country
Selfie
Where is cheap whisky?
Country that was visited more
Traffic rules and BAC
Andorra visit
Best Toulouse excursions
Best financing planner
I want to start business
Being smarter
Aerography
Best graffiti images
Spain residence
French residence
Where to hike?
Amazing lakes
Best retirement
I want to learn
I want to look younger
All I need to know
Nice weekend in Andorra
Fun things to do in my life
Refugees
Andorra la Vella highest capital in Europe
Duty free trade
Best career
Microscope
Car improvement
Middle ages photos
Best spanish jamon
Best V12 motors
Photo of politicians
Folk costumes
Showroom dummies
Cooking cod
National Andorra cooking recipes
Cheap ski lift pass
Highest paying jobs
Andorra craftsmen
Hire a car
Paleontology museums
Roast duck breast
Bishops of Spain
Prices for cigarettes in Europe
Road trip tips
Catalan literature
octopus with potato
Foreigner?
How to eat healthily?
Starter for everything
Layered monkfish and Andorran veal’s tongue stew
Where to park a car for cheap?
Marriage law
International dance day 29 april
European healthcare systems
Multilingual countries
Best land art
Os de Civís
Monthly wage
Cocktail of cod, vegetable ratatouille and crispy parmesan cheese
Venison medallions stewed in their own juice with rosemary
Best lego toys
Best canyoning routes in Europe
Pork carpaccio with autumn fruits
Best cheese brands of Spain and France
Chestnuts method of cooking
La Seu D’Urgell
Batmobile image
Rowan Atkinson. Mr. Bean car. Morris Mini Cooper SLW 287 R
Geology and rocks. Pyrenees Mountains
Best photos with nature
Abandoned places
Delorean: Back to the future
Smartphones & cell phones: prices
Tournedos with black truffle sauce, sweet potato chips and a Bavarian garnish
Best art museums
What to look for when buying skis?
Font-Romeu - one of the oldest French luxury ski resorts
Perfume and cosmetics prices
Spanish ski resorts






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King Philip the Handsome was not loved by his contemporaries, and the violence against the Pope caused outrage throughout the Christian world. People close to the king were afraid of the cold, rational cruelty of this unusually beautiful and surprisingly impassive person. Large feudal lords could not forgive the king for strengthening the central administration, limiting their rights, including the right to mint their own coin, and the preference given by the king to rootless officials. The taxable estate resented the financial policy of the king. In an effort to fill the treasury, Philip sold and rented various positions, made violent loans from cities, reduced the amount of gold in the coin while maintaining its face value, which led to inflation and an increase in high cost; and coinage became the exclusive privilege of the sovereign. The population responded to the policy of the king with uprisings.

The family life of Philip the Handsome was happy. In 1284, he married Joan of Navarre (1270-1305), who brought her husband the kingdom of Navarre and the county of Champagne as a dowry. They had four children: Louis, King of Navarre (1289-1316), also known as Louis X the Quarrelsome, King of France from 1314; Philip, Count of Poitiers (1291-1322), also known as Philip V the Long, King of France from 1316; Isabella (1292-1358), married in 1308 to Edward II (1281-1327), King of England from 1307; Charles, Comte de la Marche (1294-1328), also known as Charles IV, King of France from 1322. After Jeanne's death, Philippe did not remarry, despite the most lucrative offers. Rumor claimed that he loved the queen so much that after her death he did not know women at all.

The married life of the children of Philip and Jeanne was not so happy. Isabella, who hated her husband, who paid much less attention to his wife than to his favorites, took part in the rebellion that broke out in 1327 and cost Edward II the crown and life. Shortly before the death of Philip, in 1314, a scandal broke out in which the wives of his sons were involved. Two of them were convicted of adultery, and the third - in complicity with them. The former were sentenced to life imprisonment, the latter to penance in a monastery. The pronouncement of the verdict on the adulterous princesses and the execution of their lovers were carried out in public. Contemporaries and descendants wondered why the king did not try to hide his | | ** *** Dawn of your family? There is no answer to this day, because the thoughts and feelings of Philip the Handsome, this extremely closed and always imperturbable person, were not known even to his closest associates. Perhaps, being a devoted husband, he hated adultery; perhaps, possessing an extremely developed sense of royal dignity, he believed that princesses had no right to human weaknesses; perhaps, considering the royal power responsible for the inviolability of the rule of law in the country, he strictly demanded compliance with the laws (and adultery was considered a crime in the Middle Ages) from everyone without exception, regardless of position. In any case, it is highly probable that this event hastened Philip's demise.










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