News update 15/04/2019 2

Que é a historia?

O termo "historia" apareceu na lingua rusa fai relativamente pouco tempo, durante a época de Pedro o Grande, sendo tomado prestado das linguas europeas. Nun primeiro momento, mesmo se conservou o son da primeira letra da palabra grega orixinal "historia", que desapareceu despois. En Rusia, escribiron "gishtoria". En grego, a palabra "historia" significaba "unha historia sobre o pasado", "sobre os eruditos". Non obstante, co paso do tempo, adquiriu moitos matices semánticos. Hoxe, a palabra "historia" denota non só a historia do pasado, a ciencia que estuda o pasado, senón, en xeral, o propio desenvolvemento consistente, o cambio na realidade.

Porén, a pesar da súa “completitude”, o pasado nunca foi indiferente nin para un individuo, nin para un pobo, nin para o conxunto da humanidade. Por iso, sempre nos esforzamos por “penetrar o pensamento” no pasado, por coñecelo. Non por nada gozaban de tal honra e respecto entre o pobo os narradores de epopeas, diversos gardas da antigüidade e da sabedoría, portadores e transmisores de información e coñecemento, os que en lingua moderna poderían denominarse os únicos "relés de información" do mundo. pasado.

Así, a historia é o camiño en si, feito pola humanidade, e a información, o coñecemento sobre este camiño. Este camiño foi moi longo, difícil, doloroso. Todo un complexo de ciencias históricas serve para coñecer o pasado. Entre eles atópanse a historia xeral e a historia de países e pobos individuais, a historia da ciencia, a tecnoloxía, a cultura, a arte, a lingua, a arqueoloxía, a etnografía, a ciencia política e a cronoloxía. Eles, á súa vez, baséanse nos datos doutras ciencias, aínda que a primeira vista estas ciencias non teñan relación directa coa historia da humanidade.

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Historia e tempo

O camiño percorrido pola humanidade estaba nun espazo determinado e levaba un tempo determinado. Antes do inicio das épocas históricas que deixaron fontes escritas -crónicas, diarios, cartas-, a evidencia máis importante dos "emprazamentos" son os materiais arqueolóxicos obtidos durante as escavacións de asentamentos e cidades, ferramentas e utensilios conservados, restos óseos, debuxos sobre rochas, moedas, etc. etc. d. Non obstante, é moi difícil determinar o momento da súa aparición. Aínda que sexa posible coñecer a duración da existencia dun obxecto de interese para nós a partir das capas de sedimentos costeiros que conservaron trazos do cambio de estacións, ou dos aneis anuais das árbores, pode resultar difícil establecer a súa idade absoluta. Igual de incerta era ata hai pouco a duración da existencia da propia humanidade. A ciencia puido dar unha resposta convincente a esta pregunta só como resultado de penetrar nos segredos do microcosmos, é dicir. só no século XX.