In all these numerous novels, Arthur and his court are present only as a background. Their plot is usually as follows: on Trinity in Caerleon, the knights of the Round Table come to Arthur and talk about their exploits, and if any knight, according to him, has failed, another is sent to complete his work. Either a certain petitioner arrives at Arthur's court, most often a maiden, demanding to perform some action, for example, free the city from a spell, kill a dragon, etc. The knights disperse in search of adventure, whether in an effort to find the Grail. The following is an account of their deeds. Arthur in these novels is a gray-haired, wise and inactive king who does not take part in adventures, but is, as it were, the guarantor of the world he leads.
Arthur is losing his biography, and his kingdom is losing its geographic (albeit quasi-geographical) and historical (albeit quasi-historical) outlines. This is no longer some legendary Britain, but the entire Christian (and not even Christian - in the novels there are Parzival's half-brother Moor Feyrefitz and the Saracen knight Palamedes in love with Iseult) world, any place where the Knights of the Round Table operate. This is not the glorious past of Britain, but the ideal knightly cosmos that has never existed and simultaneously exists here and now, in which one can and should really live, whose heroes can and should be imitated in the most serious way, as real knights-errant of the XIV-XV centuries imitated them. or Don Quixote of La Mancha, created by the genius of Cervantes.
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The blood of the Viking leaders who once conquered Normandy and England flowed in Richard's veins; the northern French, to whom his father, King Henry II of England, belonged; southern French - Provencals, Aquitaines or Languedocs, from whom his mother Eleanor Aquitaia, who became famous for her turbulent life, came out. The only daughter and heiress of the last Duke of Aquitaine, Guillaume X, patroness of the troubadours, in 1137 she was married to the King of France, Louis VII the Young. Convinced that the queen had a very stormy temperament, Louis, having gone on the 2nd crusade (1147-1149), took Eleanor with him, but this did not help - the king caught his wife in the arms of a Saracen prisoner. Divorce proceedings followed, the young divorced owner of vast and rich lands turned out to be the object of desire for many applicants for her hand. In 1152, the young Count of Anjou, Henri, the future King of England, Henry II Plantagenet, secretly married her. Their family life was difficult. The king constantly cheated on his wife, the queen did not remain in debt and intrigued in every possible way against her husband, drawing her sons into these intrigues - Henry the Young, Richard, Geoffroy, John - so that the king kept her in honorary imprisonment in a castle in the north of England for a significant part of their life together . The second son Richard, the future King Richard the Lionheart, was born in England, in Oxford, in 1157, but his true homeland was Southern France, his native languages were French and Provençal. He also spoke Latin and Italian, but English - which, however, was then neither the language of culture nor the language of government, but only the spoken language of the English people - did not speak at all. Richard received an excellent education, was a connoisseur of music and poetry, a good poet, physically very strong, masterful with weapons, an avid hunter, a man of rare personal courage, generosity and nobility - and, at the same time, cruel, even ferocious, treacherous, greedy to money and booty, a reckless adventurer who was fond of chimeras of exploits and conquests and did not pay attention to the daily affairs of managing his possessions, incredibly arrogant, gloomy and power-hungry - and all these qualities were combined in one person.
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In 1169, Henry divided the possessions between his sons: Henry the Young became co-ruler with his father with a royal title and received Normandy and Anjou, Richard - Aquitaine, Poitou and Auvergne, Geoffroy - Brittany, and John did not receive any inheritance due to childhood, but acquired the nickname Landless . He was subsequently allocated the County of Maine, but the nickname remained.
In 1174, Richard was betrothed to the daughter of Louis VII Aelis (otherwise her name was Adelaide), who was taken to England. Rumors soon spread that she had become the mistress of Henry P. These rumors reached the continent around 1180, when Aelis's brother, Philip II, later called Augustus, the Magnanimous, was ascended to the French throne - without foundation and the Conqueror - quite reasonably. Endowed with an extraordinary mind, he was a brilliant politician, a deceitful intriguer and a most talented ruler, concerned exclusively with the interests of the French state, for the good of which, as he understood him, he did not disdain either deceit or meanness, if only to achieve the return of the possessions of the Plan-Taguenets to France under the rule of France. continent. Philip began to weave intrigues that were complex and incomprehensible to posterity, sowing discord between Henry and his sons, paying special attention to Richard, who, having become heir to the throne after the death of Henry the Young, was embittered at his father because of the story with Aelis. Richard turned out to be an ally and even a close friend of Philip, then his mortal enemy, he fought with him against his father, then with his father against Philip, then alone against both of them.
But when on November 18, 1188, Philip, Henry and Richard came together to conclude peace, it turned out that Philip unexpectedly became an ally of Richard. The French king asked Henry to transfer to Richard all the continental possessions of the Plantagenets. Henry refused, and then Philip himself, as supreme overlord, gave these lands to the heir to the English throne as vassal possession. Despite the announced 3rd crusade (in which both Henry and Richard were going to take part), father and son clashed in battle. During the spring and part of the summer of 1189, Philip and Richard were chasing
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