среда, 23 февраля 2022 г.

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In order to force the Peloponnesians to go on the offensive instead of the passive defense of Isthmus, the Athenians, Plataians and Megarians, in fact left to their own fate, threatened their allies with the conclusion of a separate peace with the Persians. The threat worked: Sparta and other policies of the Peloponnesian Union finally sent a fairly large army led by Pausanias, the nephew of the hero Thermopylae, King Leonidas, behind Isthm.

Mardonius then retreated to Boeotia. There, near the city of Plataea, a fierce battle took place, in which the commander-in-chief of the Persians died and his army was killed almost entirely (its remnants hurried to the Hellespont).

At about the same time, in September 479 BC, a battle took place near Cape Mycale (on the coast of Asia Minor, opposite the island of Samos), during which the landing force, landed from Hellenic ships, destroyed the main base of the Achaemenid fleet, C At this moment, a radical turning point occurs in the course of the Greco-Persian wars: the threat to the independence of the Hellenic cities in the south of the Balkans disappears, and the question of the liberation of the Hellenic cities of Asia Minor is on the agenda.

Sparta is now out of the fight. Athens assumes the main role in the anti-Persian coalition. In 478 BC a defensive-offensive alliance is created, the center of which is proclaimed Delos - an island in the heart of the Aegean, revered as the sacred possession of the god Apollo. Within the framework of the new political unification, the role of hegemon is assigned to Athens.

With the formation of the Delian (First Athenian) Union, hostilities against the troops of the Achaemenid state either fade, then again become more active. The most significant milestones of the final stages of the Greco-Persian wars are the naval victories of the Athenians at the mouth of the Eurymedon River (in the south-west of Asia Minor) in 469 BC. and near the city of Salamis (in Cyprus) in 449 BC. Their final result was the recognition by the Achaemenids of the complete independence of all the Hellenic policies of the Aegean. It was recorded in 449 BC. The Kallia world, which received its name from the name of the noble Athenian ambassador who concluded it with the king of Persia.
The king of ancient Macedonia, Philip II, took the throne very young - at 23 years old. In 359 BC Macedonia was threatened by the invasion of the Illyrians. After the death of King Perdikka III, the country was left without a ruler, with the exception of the young son of Perdikka III Aminta. "Compassionate" neighbors - Athens, whose influence extended to the north of the Balkan Peninsula, and the Thracians were ready to subjugate a small and weak state to their influence. However, the brother of the murdered king, Philip, managed to settle the matter by paying off the Thracians with gold, and from Athens with the city of Amphipolis, which they extremely needed. Thanks to this, the people proclaimed Philip the king instead of the young Amyntas.

Conscious of the need to expand the state, Philip began with the army. In his youth, having been a hostage in Thebes, he learned something from one of the best strategists of that time - Epa-mnnonda. It was to Philip II that Macedonia owes the famous phalanx, which only the Roman legion could later surpass. The tsar also paid much attention to the artillery of that time, for the creation of which he invited the best mechanics from Syracuse.

With such a strong army in reserve, Philip II could seriously think about turning small Macedonia into a rich and influential state. Athens bitterly regretted that, seduced by a rich bribe, they left such a quick youth without attention. Philip took Amphipolis from them, taking a number of other cities subject to Athens, and immediately gave some of them to his eastern neighbors - the Chalcis Union led by Olynthus, preventing their intention to support

Athens. Then Philip, taking advantage of the dispute between Athens and Thebes over the island of Euboea, captured it, along with the Pangean region and gold mines. Using the wealth that was in his hands, Philip began to build a fleet and, through trade, began to actively influence Greece. As a result of the swift actions of Philip II, the Chalcis Union was completely cut off from Central Greece.

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Cadiz links

In TV c. BC. Greece was weakened by the Peloponnesian War and the beginning of the expansion of the policy. No Greek state could claim to be a unifier or peacemaker. The Greeks made claims to each other with or without reason, each time creating new alliances and new enemies. In 355 BC the Holy War broke out, which lasted until 346 BC. The inhabitants of the city of Phocis unexpectedly seized the lands belonging to the temple of Apollo. Thebes tried to curb the blasphemers. However, the Phocians responded by capturing the temple of Apollo at Delphi and using the money they stole, they hired an army of 20,000. Since in Macedonia and Hellas they believed in the same gods, Philip II, at the request of Thebes, immediately acted as an ardent defender of the offended Apollo. Despite a series of failures, Philip defeated the troops of the Phocians in Thessaly (352 BC) and liberated Delphi. 3 thousand captives were drowned in the sea to atone for sacrilege, and the body of their deceased commander Onomarch was crucified on the cross. Now it was time to punish the criminal city of Phocis. However, Athens, quickly realizing that the Macedonians just want to get into Central Greece, defended the only way - the Thermopylae passage.
Philip II, deciding not to tempt fate, turned north. For a long time he looked with interest at the rich Olynthus, who now found himself surrounded on all sides by Macedonian lands, and said: “Either the Olynthians must leave their city, or I must leave Macedonia.” Having swiftly captured the small cities of the Chalkid Union, the Macedonians laid siege to Olynthos. The siege lasted a year. Thanks to the diplomacy of Philip, the help from Athens, for which the Chalkidians begged, was late, the city was taken and destroyed in 348 BC.

Now the Athenians, who valued the remnants of their influence in Thrace, agreed to make peace with Macedonia (Philocratic peace - 346 BC) and withdrew the army from Thermopylae. All cunning plans to save Phokis were shattered by the deceit, treachery and gold of the Macedonian. Phokis fell, and their votes in Amphiktion (the union of Greek policies - the guardians of the temple of Apollo in Delphi) went to Philip, who now, as a Hellene, could intervene in Greek affairs on legal grounds. In addition, part of the Greek fortifications on the border of Central Greece and Thermopylae passed to the Macedonian. From now on, the passage to Central Greece was always open to its new owner.

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Almeria links

The familiar Hellenic world by the 4th century BC started to crumble. And then, quite unexpectedly, Heraclid appeared - a descendant of Hercules (namely, Philip II counted his family from him), who could take on the role of a unifier or a common enemy, which would also rally the policies. After the victory over Phokis, Philip's popularity in the cities increased.

In all policies there was a struggle between supporters and opponents of the Macedonian king.

The best orators of Athens, Isocrates and Aeschines, supported Philip, believing that he was that great personality who would revive ancient Hellas if he united it under his rule. For the sake of the greatness of Greece, they were ready to say goodbye to the independence of their city. Isocrates argued that Philip's hegemony would be a blessing because he himself was a Greek and a descendant of Hercules. Philip II generously gave gold to his supporters, rightly believing that "there is no such high city wall that a donkey loaded with gold could not step over."
Philip's opponent, the leader of the anti-Macedonian party, the Athenian orator Demosthenes called on the Greeks to fight against the aggressive policy of the Macedonian king. He called Philip a treacherous barbarian, seeking to take over Greece. However, it was not for the Greeks, who had long forgotten what honor is, to reproach Philip for treachery, dishonesty, deceit, dishonesty and lust for power. How many loyal allies and opponents who believed false promises were left on their historical path by Athens, striving for power...

Despite the successes of Philip's supporters, his opponents managed to gain the upper hand. Demosthenes was able to convince Athens, and with them other Greek cities, of the need to repulse the hypocritical and aggressive Macedonian. He achieved the creation of an anti-Macedonian coalition of Greek policies.

The cunning Philip decided to strike at the Thracian and Hellespont Bosporus straits in order to cut off Central Greece from its Black Sea possessions. He laid siege to Byzantium and the Iranian city of Perynthus. However, this time, having neutralized the supporters of Macedonia, Athens managed to help Byzantium - Perinth was helped by the indignant Iranian king Darius Sh. Philip retreated (340 BC) - It was a tangible defeat. Middle Greece could rejoice. Philip decided not to stir up this "hornet's nest" for the time being, leaving his supporters, gold and time to act. His patience was not in vain. Greece could not long live in peace. A new Holy War has begun. This time, the inhabitants of the city of Amfissa, supported by Athens, encroached on the lands of the Delphic temple. Amphiktyonia, at the suggestion of Aeschines, a Macedonian supporter, remembering the zealous defender of Delphi, turned to Philip II with a request to intercede for the offended deity. Philip, faster than the wind, rushed to Central Greece, effortlessly punished Amfissa and, unexpectedly for everyone, and even for his Thessalian friends, took possession of the city of Elatea at Cefiss, which was the key to Boeotia and Attica.


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Tout sur archive 2022


True, it is impossible to deny the existence of the city of Troy somewhere in the northwestern region of Asia Minor. Documents from the archives of the Hittite kings testify that the Hittites knew both the city of Troy and the city of Ilion (in the Hittite version of "Truis" and "Vilus"), but, apparently, as two different cities located in the neighborhood, and not one under a double title, as in a poem. The Hittites also knew the country of Ahkhiyava, a powerful state with which they vied for dominance over these cities. Scientists believe that Ahkhiyava is the country of the Achaeans, but it is not yet clear where it was located. Maybe this is the western part of Asia Minor, or the islands closest to it, or the whole of Balkan Greece. There was a conflict between the Hittite state and Ahkhiyava over the city of Ilion, but it was settled peacefully. The Hittite documents do not tell about any large-scale military clash between the Achaeans and Troy.

What conclusion can be drawn by comparing the data from the archive of the Hittite kings and the poetic narrative about the campaign against Troy? Some connection between them can be traced, but very unclear, since there are no exact matches. Apparently, in the oral folk art underlying the poem, events of different times were compressed together: the failed attempt of the Achaean Greeks to subjugate the Troad region (this can be traced through the tragic fate of the Achaean heroes after the capture of Troy) and the death of the cities of Ilion and Troy as a result of the invasion called "peoples of the sea", which shook the entire ancient world of the Mediterranean at the end of the XII century. BC.


https://tout-sur-andorre.blogspot.com/2022/02/news-update-03022022-19.html

Solon, the son of Exekestides, entered the history of ancient Greece as a great reformer, the founder of the polis democracy of Athens. Among his contemporaries and among subsequent generations of Hellenes, he enjoyed the glory of a great poet and sage. Solon came from a very ancient royal family of Codrids. According to legend, Codrus is the last king of Athens, who sacrificed his life to save his native city. He was buried on the Acropolis, and the grateful Athenians honored him as a hero.

According to his property status, Solon belonged to people of average means. His father spent all his fortune on helping those in need, and Solon in his youth made a lot of efforts to get rich: poverty was not respected, and the passion for wealth was considered natural. In his poems, Solon openly admits that he wants to be rich, stipulating, however, that he is attracted only by honestly acquired things: “I want to be rich, but I don’t want to own this wealth dishonestly: the hour for retribution will come later.” He emphasizes that honor and a good name are dearer to him than wealth: “Many low people are rich, but a good one gets poorer. We will not exchange valor for a bag of money.

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