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четверг, 7 мая 2020 г.

News update 05/05/2020 (8237)

On May 18, 1804, by a Senate decree, the administration of the republic was transferred to Emperor Napoleon I. At the same time, he was appointed to the highest state and military ranks. The highest rank was introduced in the army, which was abolished by the revolution, overthrowing the power of the king - marshal of France. This rank was given to 18 most worthy generals of the French army.

In the 90s. In the 18th century, when France waged uninterrupted revolutionary wars, young and talented military leaders quickly came to the fore. For 3-4 years they reached the heights of glory, having gone from sergeant to divisional general and becoming commanders of armies. It was to them that the republic owed many glorious victories. True, the young generals did not remain in their high posts for long. Military happiness is capricious. Even more capricious were successive governments. After the slightest setback, capable commanders put their heads under the guillotine knife. A little more - and one of the most talented generals, Lazar Gosh, who received this title at the age of 25, would have lost his life.

Political instability is not the only thing that threatened the young military. Premature death on the battlefield from a stray bullet, death at the hands of fanatics or superhuman exertion pulled the best from their ranks. This is how Marceau (1796), Joubert (1799), Desex (1800), Kleber (1800) and the same Gauche (1797) perished. All of them could successfully compete with Bonaparte in glory, if fate had not decreed otherwise.

But among those who went over to his side after the coup of 18 Brumaire were famous military leaders, whose names France recognized long before Napoleon. It was they who became marshals in the first place: the rough and simple-hearted Lefebvre and Jourdan, who distinguished themselves back in 1792, the cunning, greedy and fantastically talented Massena, who proved himself a worthy rival to Suvorov, the eternally intriguing giant Augereau, who aroused secret fears of the Directory, gray-haired Kellermann, the first brought victory to the French Republic at Valmy in 1792, etc.

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Napoleon was amazingly able to guess people with outstanding abilities. Not a single one of his marshals can be called a mediocrity who received a rank due to origin or kinship, as was the case in all other states. No wonder the French army was winning. Napoleon made exceptional demands on his military: the exact fulfillment of the assigned task, the ability to take the initiative and work hard. Not many people could handle that kind of pressure. Massena was the first to "break" - one of the most active and talented marshals. Long campaigns, constant hardships undermined the health of this middle-aged commander.

The marshals were connected more by a military brotherhood than by friendship (mutual dislike was not uncommon). The peculiar caste system of the highest military ranks forced them to stay together and apart from other statesmen. Any attacks or injustice towards any of them caused a storm of protest, which the emperor could not ignore. But such unity was manifested only in relation to the authorities. Rivalry over fame made them sometimes implacable enemies. In one of the operations in which Murat and Lannes participated, Napoleon praised only one, placing the victory in his merit. Since then, the Gascons have almost stopped talking to each other. Massena, whose great talent aroused undisguised envy, almost fell victim to the slander that Su-chet and Soult raised against him.

The unsuccessful campaign of 1812, when the French army practically ceased to exist, and the best military leaders were demoralized, also affected the hostilities of 1813. Showered with caresses and favors from the emperor, who had long ago received everything one could dream of in a military career - fame, money , titles, - the marshals have lost their fighting enthusiasm. What was good in my youth, when my whole life was ahead, turned out to be painful and unnecessary by the age of 40. Tired and embittered, tired of the frequent whims of the aged emperor who entered the role of ruler of the world, after Napoleon's abdication, they all went to the service of King Louis XVTII. Yes, and they also forced Napoleon to abdicate, refusing (perhaps for the first time in his life!) to die for their emperor.

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Napoleon did not forget his generals, who went with him through the fire of the Italian campaign and visited Egypt. The "cohort of Bonaparte", selected and educated by the emperor himself, shone with their talents no less than the gray-haired heroes of the nation. Berthier, Murat, Davout, Lannes rightfully received the title of marshals of France.

From the beginning of the consulate, and even more so from the beginning of the empire, France waged incessant wars. Almost the entire history of the Napoleonic campaigns could be traced by the titles of marshals: Lannes - Duke of Montebello, Massena - Prince of Essling, Berthier - Prince of Wagram, Davout - Duke of Auer-Stedt.

Napoleon highly valued the talents of his military leaders. Their incomes grew from year to year, all marshals became sovereign dukes. But the price that had to be paid for the honor and favors that fell like from a cornucopia was very high - life. They paid with their blood for a privileged position. Not to mention the wounds, which all the marshals had abound, the war pulled out the best from their ranks. In 1809, Lassalle died, who was supposed to become a marshal any day now. In the same year, Lannes was killed, whose death proved to be an irreparable loss for the army.

Almost all the highest ranks in Napoleon's army did not receive a special military education. Life itself replenished their knowledge and skills. The motley social composition of the generals, where aristocrats coexisted with commoners, gave the emperor reason to assert that a marshal's baton was in every soldier's satchel.

The generals and marshals of France, returning to Paris after a long separation from him, gave vent to their seething energy. Constant scandals, which were reported in detail by the Monitor in the gossip column, the destruction of restaurants, duels, fantastic losses, horse races, cards - this is a far from complete description of the "peculiarities" of leisure for most of the highest army ranks. It could hardly be called rest. But people who spent only weeks at home and were accustomed to oppose brute force to any law did not consider decency. They burst into the high society like a hurricane and set their own rules of conduct. The huge money they paid with their blood seemed ridiculous to them. The uniform robbery committed in Spain by Massena and Soult was striking in its size. Everything became his object: churches, rich houses, royal palaces. The old smuggler Massena did not stop at the violation of the Continental blockade policy pursued by Napoleon, having received more than 6 million francs from this.

Under royal rule, all marshals retained their ranks and ranks. Nothing seemed to disturb the quiet life they longed for. And suddenly, in 1815, Napoleon landed in France. Against him were thrown troops commanded by his associates - those who owed him a lot. Most of them remained Bonapartists at heart and remembered their revolutionary past too well to take the side of the king against the returned Napoleon. Already feeling the arrogance and contempt of the royalists, Ney, Murat, Davout, Soult, Brun and many others went over to his side, forgetting and forgiving their emperor past grievances. It seemed that youth was returning. But Bonaparte was no longer the same, and the ranks of his "cousins", as he called the marshals, had thinned out. Massena did not return, considering himself too old for a new adventure; Marmont, who received the rank of marshal only in

1809, and only thanks to the personal disposition of Napoleon, he did not dare to leave his new masters, betraying an old friend. Is it just them!

Napoleon's time was running out. Wars and glory left with him. After the defeat of Bonaparte at Waterloo, those who went over to his side suffered a sad fate. Some of them died: Ney and Murat were shot, Brun was torn to pieces in Avignon by brutal royalists. The rest were fired. And of those who remained loyal to the king, few distinguished themselves later. Service with Napoleon, which drew out all the strength, numerous wounds and humble origins left them out of a new life. The heroic time is over.

Nevertheless, the marshals of France had a significant impact on European history at the beginning of the 19th century. The best, bravest, most talented commanders, they did everything to make the glory of France and Napoleon shine in full force.

Joachim Murat (1771-1815) - one of the most prominent commanders of Napoleon. Recklessly bold, generous, kind, he was "the bravest of kings and the king of the brave," as Bonaparte called him. His crazy outfits shocked the Parisian society. They say that in the most dangerous battles he went dressed especially brightly. The permanent commander of the cavalry in the French army, he was the best cavalryman in Europe.

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Growing up in the small Gascon town of La Bastide-Fortuniere, where he was put on a horse from the age of three, Murat began an independent life early. After serving for some time in the royal guard and having experienced the scuffle and rudeness of aristocratic officers, Murat returned home. However, the career of a priest, chosen for him by his father-innkeeper, did not suit the frisky young man. Handsome, ardent, carried away, in 1791, having abandoned his studies, he volunteered for the revolutionary army. Murat quickly received an officer's rank, but it turned out to be more difficult to move on.

The lucky star of Murat rose in the sky of Paris in Vendemière in 1795. Bonaparte, who was supposed to crush the revolt of the royalists, found himself in a very difficult position. He urgently needed artillery in the center of Paris. The cannons, sweeping away everything in their path, were delivered by Captain Murat.

It was from that moment that the real career of this man began. He became Bonaparte's adjutant. And then there was Italy, where he could not get rid of the honorable and tiresome duty of an errand boy. His comrades in office had already become generals for a long time, and Murat continued to pull the strap of a colonel, despite the fact that he had to be in the most dangerous places, lead regiments on the attack, and replace dead generals in battle. In Egypt, Murat finally received the right of independent command and the rank of divisional general. Oh, how famously he led his cavalry to attack in the famous battle of the pyramids in 1798! 40 centuries looked with amazement at the desperate duel that brought two generals face to face - the French Murat and the Egyptian Murat Bey. Murat won, and the saber of Murat Bey received as a trophy became the subject of his special pride.

Upon returning to Paris, Murat did not remain aloof from political life. And not at all because he aspired to a career as a politician, but because Bonaparte decided to govern France himself. Murat was privy to many secrets of the impending operation. Day 19 Brumaire 1799 was the most decisive for the coup. The Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Elders - the legislative bodies of France - were to proclaim General Bonaparte consul. But something didn't work out. Either the general did not show due determination, or the deputies woke up the last remnants of pride. With cries of "Outlaw!" they pushed the general out of the meeting. Everything seemed to be lost. But not bewildered, Murat managed to save the situation by giving up on parliamentary methods. From the sounds of his powerful voice, which gave the order to the soldiers: “Throw all this audience out for me!”, The deputies rushed in horror to flee to the windows. Bonaparte became consul, and Murat became the military governor of Paris (1800).

The constant head of the cavalry corps, Murat, who was promoted to marshal in 1804, now managed to show his military talent to the fullest. Gascon's cunning and acting skills more than once helped him get out of the most difficult situations. In 1805, he, Lannes and Bessieres, also Gascons, managed to fool the Austrian command on the Aspern bridge and almost three of them captured the crossing. And with their brilliant attacks in the Battle of Austerlitz, this trinity "made the ladies of St. Petersburg cry", almost completely destroying the most privileged troops - the Russian cavalry guards.
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From 1806, Murat became the Grand Duke of Berg, Cleves and Joyeuse. Do not think that he received huge possessions. These were tiny German principalities annexed to France. In 1808, at the beginning of the war in Spain, Murat brutally suppressed the Madrid uprising. This war was a massacre on both sides. The Spaniards, defending their independence, slaughtered everyone who spoke French, and the French, in turn, did not spare entire villages. Murat did not have time to participate in the main hostilities. This had two reasons. Firstly, the old wounds that almost brought Murat to the grave in Madrid made themselves felt. And, secondly, in connection with the accession of Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples, to the Spanish throne, the royal seat in Italy remained vacant. Marshal, thanks to his marriage, was a relative of Napoleon and a man whom he greatly trusted. Therefore, Murat became the king of Naples. Marshal was happy as a child. His vanity was so funny that it made him everyone's favorite. True, his joy on the occasion of the coronation was overshadowed by some details. Firstly, Murat had long been on bad terms with his wife, Napoleon's sister, who, it must be admitted, was a bad woman. Secondly, in his heart he dreamed of getting the Polish crown. In 1806, while in Poland, the marshal was so fascinated by the country and the gentry, whose manners largely corresponded to his character, that he could not look indifferently at the empty Polish throne.

News Castles 07/05/2020

In Naples, Murat proved to be a good politician and king. Of course, as far as Napoleon's vigilant eye and heavy hand allowed. Murat managed to calm the unrest that shook the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Always remaining young at heart, even a boy, he easily found his way to the hearts of young Neapolitans. But the desire of the king to unite Italy constantly ran into the iron will of Napoleon, and Joachim Murat was forced to yield.

In a campaign against Russia in 1812, Murat was going with great reluctance. Despite his exuberant energy, he is also tired of 20 years of uninterrupted wars. And I felt in my heart that the campaign would not be successful. Near Smolensk, he begged Napoleon on his knees not to go any further. But everything was in vain, Napoleon did not heed the advice of his marshal.

Murat's reckless daring, his dashing cavalry attacks and characteristic appearance were so fond of the Russian Cossacks that they even agreed not to shoot the marshal, but to try to capture him, which caused a lot of fun in the French camp and flattered Murat's pride.

The marshal's only major failure was the campaign near Tarutino, when he missed Kutuzov's army. By that time, friendly relations with Napoleon had already given way to official ones, and the brutalized emperor yelled at the guilty Murat so much that he brought him to hysterics. From now on

Murat "broke". It seemed that nothing could bring back those former years, when he, headlong, threw himself into a frenzied whirlpool of attack at the first order of Bonaparte. Leaving for France, Napoleon left the army to the King of Naples. Army! Frozen, half-starved, demoralized people, not a victorious army. Having brought the remnants of the regiments still capable of discipline to the border, Murat, leaving everything, left for Naples.

After Leipzig (1813) it became obvious that Napoleon had lost everything. And Murat, in order to save the Neapolitan crown, entered into negotiations with the allies. One of the indispensable conditions put forward by them was to help put an end to Napoleon. And the king, remembering past grievances, put up Neapolitan troops against the corps of Eugene Beauharnais. The fighting never began, but the fact remains that Murat no longer served Napoleon.

Despite all the efforts of Murat, the Congress of Vienna, which worked out the terms of the peace treaty, naturally had no intention of leaving the crown to the innkeeper's son. Therefore, in 1815, when Napoleon landed in France, Murat responded to his request and moved his troops against the Austrian army. Without a doubt, he was driven not only by the desire to remain king. He was too generous to long remember old grievances, and could not help but support his old friend and emperor.

Unfortunately, the forces turned out to be unequal, and the small Neapolitan army was defeated by superior enemy forces. Ah, if Murat had his French cavalrymen!

Having fled to Gascony, and then to Corsica, Murat did not leave the thought of regaining the Neapolitan crown. In September 1815, he received a letter from Cardinal Borghese, who said that the people would welcome his return with joy. It was a monstrous lie! Tired Italians were unable to continue the resistance. But Murat, always full of optimism, cunning, but childishly naive, believed. On October 13, he landed with a small detachment in Calabria, in the south of the Apennine Peninsula. He was already expected. But not enthusiastic crowds of Italians, but Austrian soldiers. The former king was arrested. It took only two hours for the Austrian military field court, which had gathered to comply with the formalities, to pass the verdict. And Murat proved his courage for the last time by demanding a platoon of Neapolitan riflemen. He himself commanded his execution.

The Gascon is not forgotten. His hometown was subsequently renamed Labastide-Mura, and in Naples a monument was erected to the marshal as one of the most popular kings.

Among the marshals of Napoleon were two more Gascons, who in many ways resembled Murat in character. But they lacked his scope, his adventurism, generosity and enthusiasm. These are Jean-Baptiste Bessières (1768-1813) and Jean Lannes (1769-1809) - two people whose tragic death shocked the French army.

четверг, 7 мая 2020 г.

News update 05/05/2020 (8237)

Cities news 07/05/2020

News Castles 07/05/2020

четверг, 7 мая 2020 г.