Media, News, Publishing

среда, 8 апреля 2020 г.

News update 07/04/2020 (2349)

The exception against this background was the south, where the government of Sun Yat-sen acted. The National Party, the Kuomintang, organized by him, sought to unite the country, its independence, the establishment of a constitutional order and the allocation of land to the peasants. In the struggle for this, Sun Yat-sen relied on military force, but it was not easy to create a disciplined, combat-ready army. Having a good professional training, Chiang Kai-shek quickly advanced and entered the leadership of the Kuomintang army. The authority of Chiang Kai-shek was strengthened by his impeccable behavior during the critical days of 1922, when Sun Yat-sen had to flee his capital Guangzhou after the betrayal of one of the generals.

In the same year, Chiang Kai-shek was appointed chief of staff of the Kuomintang army. It was the time of the turning point in Sun Yat-sen's policy. No longer hoping for a dubious alliance with the generals, the Kuomintang leader turned to the Russian revolutionaries. In August 1923, 35-year-old General Chiang Kai-shek left for Moscow at the head of a delegation.

The Soviet leadership favorably received Dr. Sun's envoys, bearing in mind the prospects for the development of the world revolution. Chiang Kai-shek emphasized the readiness of the Kuomintang to cooperate with the communists, to fight imperialism and capitalism to the end. Returning to China, however, he tried not to interfere in political debate, focusing his attention on purely military affairs.

Perhaps this circumstance helped Chiang Kai-shek lead the Kuomintang after the death of Sun Yat-sen. Dr. Sun's comrades-in-arms considered the general to have little understanding of politics, and thus facilitated his path to power. Foreign observers turned out to be more perspicacious, noting his energy and organizational skills, ability to understand people and ... ambition.

Events 1925-1927 confirmed these observations. A well-armed and trained army was rapidly moving north, taking power from the dujuns. This Northern Expedition, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was such an unusual phenomenon that it attracted the attention of the whole world. Small groups of agitators moved ahead of the troops, telling people about the new government. Cities and villages warmly welcomed the advancing army and helped it. Troops sent against the southerners often went over to their side. In March 1927, Kuomintang detachments triumphantly entered Shanghai, China's largest city. In fact, all of China, with the exception of Manchuria, recognized the authority of the Kuomintang government.

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The northern campaign brought the ambitious marshal (since 1928 - the generalissimo) world fame. And so, when the Western powers saw a new and seemingly dangerous China in front of them, Chiang Kai-shek abruptly changed his policy. He broke off the alliance with the communists and declared his readiness to establish friendly relations with the capitalist countries. This step meant a break with the USSR and the Comintern and, consequently, the collapse of the hopes of their leaders for the Chinese version of the world revolution.

Such a sharp turn by Chiang Kai-shek from the ideals of a national revolution towards the political benefits of an alliance with the West alienated many people from him. Among them was his beloved son Jiang Qingguo, who studied in the Soviet Union and became seriously interested in communist ideas.

Upon coming to power, Chiang Kai-shek immediately faced serious problems. The influential circles of the Kuomintang were not satisfied with the orientation towards the USA and England. Strengthened the position of the communist movement, which created in the 30s. opposing the central government "Soviet regions of China". Japan moved from political pressure on China to open aggression. In 1931-1932. The Japanese captured Manchuria, a rich, promising and strategically important region. They created the state of Manchukuo on its territory. Chiang Kai-shek resigned himself to this, realizing that a serious clash with Japan would mean the inevitable defeat of the Kuomintang armies. It was more profitable to wait for a clash between the Japanese and powerful Western powers.

In order to prevent the strengthening of the CPC, Chiang Kai-shek organized five campaigns against the "Soviet regions" and forced the communists to move to the north of the country.

The leader of the Kuomintang countered the Marxist ideology with a return to the ideals of Confucianism - modesty, temperance, obedience. An organization of many thousands of blueshirts was created, whose members unquestioningly obeyed Chiang Kai-shek. And although in public speeches he spoke a lot about the advantages of the political system of Western democracies, the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek was taking shape in China. "One country, one party, one leader!" was the official slogan of Kuomintang China.

понедельник, 6 апреля 2020 г.

News update 04/02/2020 (769)

The leader's policy aroused discontent not only among ordinary Chinese, but also among the Kuomintang generals, who believed that the threat of Japanese aggression required the unification of all patriots, including the Communists. Generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng made an agreement with Communist leader Mao Zedong and in December 1936 arrested Chiang Kai-shek, intending to bring him to justice. But he again showed himself to be an outstanding politician: he declared his readiness to end the civil war, create a united anti-Japanese front, and ... stayed in power.

Nevertheless, in 1937-1945. the Chinese side conducted hostilities in a peculiar way: both the nationalists and the communists not so much attacked the Japanese troops as prepared for a future fight between themselves. Hoping for military support from the United States, the leaders of the Kuomintang underestimated the increased in the 40s. communist influence. The peasantry, which did not wait for the implementation of the slogan of Sun Yat-sen "To each plowman his own field!", ceased to trust the nationalists. The redistribution of land became the main trump card of the Communist Party. In the end, it was the interests of millions of Chinese peasants that determined the victory of the Communists in the civil war of 1945-1949.

Loyal Chiang Kai-shek military units, members of the Kuomintang Party and their families were evacuated to about. Taiwan. Chiang Kai-shek did not renounce either political control over the population, or one-party™, or US aid. Combined with agrarian reform, focus on export production, extensive trade with neighboring countries, and other steps to revitalize the economy, this has allowed Taiwan to rapidly accelerate its pace of development.

Until the end of his days, Chiang Kai-shek was sure that only unfavorable external circumstances and the aggression of the communists thwarted the revival of great China.

He died at the age of 88 in April 1975. His son Jiang Qingguo, who returned from the USSR as a staunch anti-communist, became his successor as president.

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Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 in the village of Shaoshan in the Chinese province of Hunan. His father was a wealthy peasant and therefore was able to give his son a good education. At first, Mao studied at a rural school, then at a secondary school in Changsha. He was 18 years old when the Xinhai Revolution began in China. It meant for Mao, among other things, acquaintance with the teachings widespread in the West - anarchism, socialism; he becomes a member of the revolutionary organization New People. Returning to his studies in 1918 for a short time, Mao graduated from the teacher's seminary and left for Beijing. He was already completely captured by the political struggle.

In Beijing, he took a job at a university library and became close friends with Li Dazhao, the future founder of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The result of this acquaintance was that the vague revolutionary views of the young Mao took on a clearer outline. The popular uprisings that began on May 4, 1919 and took place under the slogans of resistance to the Western powers stirred up China. Mao Zedong went to his native province, edited a newspaper there, created first a student organization, and then a Marxist circle. He was among the delegates to the founding congress of the Chinese Communists (1921). There were only 12 of them, and for the purpose of secrecy, the congress even held one of its meetings in a boat in the middle of the lake.

Returning to Hunan Province, Mao organized CCP cells in Changsha. At this time, he became well known in his native province, not only as the leader of the local communists, but also as a good orator, as a politician who was ready to ally with non-communists in the interests of the revolution.

It is clear that after the leader of the Chinese nationalists, Sun Yat-sen, took a course of friendship with the USSR and the CPC became part of the Kuomintang with special rights, Mao took responsible positions in its leadership. At one time, Mao was actually in charge of the propaganda department of the Kuomintang, headed the Institute of the Peasant Movement in the city of Guangzhou. Beginning in 1926, the works of Mao Caedong appeared, thanks to which he gained fame as a communist thinker.

суббота, 4 апреля 2020 г.

New cars 04/04/2020 (786)

In newspapers, magazines and books of the relatively recent past, one could see a caricature: a fat white man in a pith helmet, with a cigar in his mouth, brandishes a whip at an emaciated African (or Hindu, Malay, etc.) trembling with fear. One way or something like this, mass ideas about colonialism, the colonialists and their victims developed. In historical writings, colonialism is often understood as the political, economic, and spiritual enslavement of the peoples of backward countries by the ruling classes of socioeconomically developed states. Colonialism is the most complex phenomenon on a global scale, rooted in the distant past of mankind. Colonialism arose with the advent of the state, it existed even in the slave and feudal eras. The very words "colony", "colonialism" originally come from the Latin words "colon", "colonate", denoting various forms of dependence of the rural population in ancient Rome. During the time of slavery, the word "colony" gradually acquired an independent meaning: this is how the settlements created by settlers from another country began to be called. Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and other states owned such colonies-settlements.

The colonialism of the era of feudalism was most developed during a sharp aggravation of internal contradictions in European countries. In the XI-XIII centuries. large groups of the impoverished population of Western Europe, led by feudal knights, many of whom themselves became impoverished, set out on crusades in the Middle East to liberate the "Holy Sepulcher". The crusaders created feudal colonial states there, in which the majority of the population was made up of local residents subjugated by them. But these states did not last long - about 100-150 years.

In the capitalist era, colonialism becomes a worldwide phenomenon. Its growth began at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. and is associated with historical changes in Europe, which are usually called the transition from feudal to capitalist relations. These changes spanned decades. Their manifestations were the growth of industrial production, the development of science, the expansion of trade, the increase in demand for labor, for gold. The latter circumstance played a particularly important role in the desire of Europeans to search for new lands.

Only in ancient times, gold and other metals, now called precious, were simply a material for the manufacture of any products. Gradually, gold became a kind of universal commodity, for which any other commodity could be exchanged. As production and trade grew, so did the demand for gold.

Meanwhile, the ties of medieval Europe with the Middle East, and through intermediary trade - with India and China, in the XV-XVI centuries. significantly reduced due to the Turkish conquests. Absolutism grew in Western European countries, feudal estates were fragmented, some of the feudal lords became impoverished, and rivalry between individual feudal clans intensified. There was a need for new routes to the East, to new lands.

A huge impetus to the development of colonialism was given by the great geographical discoveries, which determined the two main directions of European colonial conquests: across the Atlantic Ocean to America and around Africa, across the Indian Ocean, to Asia. The pioneers of colonial conquests were not the most economically developed countries, but those with the greatest experience in navigation and maritime trade - Portugal and Spain. In 1493-1494. they concluded, obviously, the first agreement in history on the territorial division of the world: all the lands and seas west of the dividing line, which passed approximately 49 degrees west longitude, departed to the Spanish sphere, to the Portuguese - all spaces to the east of it. Of course, this agreement was largely conditional. Both the Portuguese and the Spaniards had a very vague idea of what was actually to the west and east of the dividing line. Yes, and other European countries, primarily England and France, rejected these claims; the British, for example, soon proclaimed the principle of freedom of the seas, equalizing all Christian countries in their rights to new lands.

Both the Portuguese and Spanish, and later the Dutch, British, French and other colonial systems were eventually established by force. In the East and in America, in Africa and Australia, Europeans encountered societies of different levels of development - from pre-class, tribal to feudal and so-called Asian. In military-technical terms, these societies were inferior to the Europeans, whose superiority grew with the rapid development of industry, science and technology in Europe.

среда, 8 апреля 2020 г.