Media, News, Publishing

воскресенье, 29 марта 2020 г.

News update 28/03/2020 (27342)

As you know, the Ottoman Empire suffered a heavy defeat in the First World War. The Armistice of Mudros, signed in October 1918 on board the English cruiser Agamemnon, meant that the great power fell apart - the Arab territories came under the control of England and France, and allied troops landed in native Turkey (Anatolia). As a symbol of Britain's victory, British warships stood in the Bosphorus. The “sick man of Europe,” as the Ottoman Empire was often called in the 18th and 19th centuries, finally died, and the victors quite seriously negotiated the complete dismemberment of Turkey.

There were people who did not want to succumb to despondency and submit to fate. For a while, they operated quietly, secretly stockpiling weapons and ammunition and sending them to the interior of Turkey. They were led by the combat general Mustafa Kemal Pasha, whom Sultan Mehmed VI (Wahad-ed-din) appointed in May 1919 to the post of inspector of troops in Eastern Anatolia. Acting as the Sultan's representative, Kemal was given a good opportunity to act without arousing much suspicion from the allies. The course of events favored him and his supporters. Firstly, the British created the Armenian Republic in the Caucasus and promised to annex the eastern provinces of Turkey to it. Secondly, in May 1919, under the cover of the Allied fleet, Greek troops occupied the city of Smyrna (now Izmir). Armenians and Turks, Turks and Greeks were separated by centuries of cruel hatred, and in the past the struggle between them more than once turned into a massacre. While the Turks were the masters of the situation, they shed a lot of Armenian blood (especially during the time of Abdul-Hamid II and the Young Turks), and the Turks preferred war to submission to the Armenians. Terror and abuse of the Turkish population, which reigned in Smyrna, also caused a violent reaction, because. the Turks saw what fate their old enemies and former subjects, the Greeks, were preparing for them. The nationalist movement intensified and, under the influence of Kemal's appeals and appeals, acquired an organized and cohesive character. Many of the Turkish officers and soldiers, who were indecisive, joined him, although this meant disobedience to the Sultan - after all, the latter had already ordered the arrest of the general.

https://all-andorra.com/ru/luchshie-morskie-kurorty-francii-i-ispanii-sredizemnoe-more/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/samye-shikarnye-oteli-francii/
https://all-andorra.com/ru/kak-nastroit-zerkala-na-avtomobile-chtoby-ustranit-mertvuyu-tochku/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/vse-o-shafrane/

In September 1919, a congress of representatives of the population was held in the city of Sivas. He announced the creation of a resistance movement led by Kemal Pasha and took the so-called "National Vow", which contained the terms of peace with the allies and the demand for the complete independence of Turkey. The Sultan became somewhat afraid of the Kemalists and therefore agreed to convene a parliament (Mejlis) in Istanbul. Kemal did not trust the Istanbul politicians and did not go to the capital, although he was elected to the Mejlis.

Indeed, already a month and a half after its convocation, the British sent their troops into the city, declared martial law, arrested 40 nationalist deputies and sent them into exile on the island of Malta. Turkey was again seized by strong excitement. Now it became clear to everyone that the Sultan was only a puppet in the hands of the British. Many deputies fled to the city of Angora (now Ankara), where, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, a parliament gathered that called itself the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNA). The assembly proclaimed itself the government of the country and declared that on the day the British occupied Istanbul, the power of the Sultan ceased to exist. With the exception of Istanbul and Smyrna, the Kemalists already then controlled the territory of the whole of Turkey.

In response, the Sultan declared the nationalist movement rebellious, and the head of the Muslim clergy (Sheikh-ul-Islam) called Kemal and his supporters apostates. The military court sentenced the general to death in absentia. He turned into an outlaw, a rebel and a traitor to Islam, who could be killed by any religious fanatic. The Sultan also declared “jihad” to the Kemalists, i.e. holy war, and created a special army to fight them. Representatives of the clergy were sent around the country to organize uprisings. Revolts took place everywhere, and Turkey was engulfed in a civil war, merciless on both sides. At the same time, the Greeks behaved as if they had become the masters of the country forever. They devastated the fertile valleys, drove out thousands of Turks who had become homeless. The Greeks advanced almost unopposed.

The Kemalists found themselves in a difficult position - a civil war consecrated by religion in their homeland, a foreign invasion also directed against them, and the allied powers stood behind the Sultan and the Greeks. But Kemal Pasha encouraged the Turks, emphasizing: “A people that makes every sacrifice for the sake of life and independence cannot be defeated. Defeat means the people are dead."

In August 1920, the Treaty of Sevres was published, drawn up by the allies for the defeated Turkey and signed by the Istanbul government. He assumed the dismemberment of the country and the control of the West over its internal affairs. The publication of the treaty aroused the indignation of the Turks, the influence of the nationalists grew even more, more and more people turned to them in search of ways to save the state. England and France wanted to force the rebels to accept the treaty by the forces of the Greek army. The real Greco-Turkish war began. Throughout the summer and autumn of 1920, success was on the side of the Greeks, who pressed the Turks. Kemal Pasha and his associates made every effort to create a combat-ready army from the remnants of the Ottoman troops. Help - weapons, ammunition, gold - came to them from Soviet Russia, which was interested in weakening the influence of its main enemies. In order to consolidate the special relationship between the Turks and Russia, the Bolsheviks gave them the Armenian cities of Kare and Ardagan, once annexed to the Romanov Empire.

In the spring and summer of 1921, the Greeks made a desperate attempt to take the capital of Kemal - Ankara. But the Turks managed to stop their offensive in the battle near the village of Inenu, and on August 23, 1921, a decisive battle began on the Sakarya River. For 22 days, both armies stood against each other on this river, waging continuous merciless battles with centuries of bitterness. It was the toughest test of endurance. The Turks were barely holding out when the Greeks began to retreat. Following their custom, the Greek army, retreating, burned everything in its path and turned 200 miles of fertile land into a desert. The VNST awarded Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who personally led the troops in the battle of Sakarya, the honorary title of "Gazi", which means "winner".

суббота, 28 марта 2020 г.

News update 28/03/2020 (6234)

The balance of power was maintained for quite a long time, but in August 1922 the Turkish army, after careful preparation, broke through the front and threw the Greeks back to the sea. Even retreating, the Greeks took revenge, killing all the Turks they came across - men, women and children. The Turks acted no less ruthlessly and took almost no prisoners. Most of the Greek army managed to escape by sea from Smyrna, but many quarters of the city were burned.

After this victory, Kemal Pasha turned his troops to Istanbul. Not far from the city they were stopped by the British. For some time there was a danger of an Anglo-Turkish war, but the British, not wanting to get bogged down in Asian affairs, were forced to negotiate. Ultimately, in July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne, which confirmed almost everything that the Kemalists demanded in the "National Pledge", was signed. Here again, Turkey was helped by the support of Soviet Russia, as well as the mutual suspicion of the European powers.

The general achieved the main goal, for which he raised the Turks to a seemingly hopeless struggle - the independence of the motherland. But even in the hour of great victories, he was not going to return to the times of Turkish domination over non-Turkish territories - Iraq, Syria, Palestine, etc. Kemal Pasha did not consider it possible to interfere in the affairs of other peoples and, accordingly, did not tolerate the interference of foreigners in the affairs of Turkey. Turkey has become an ethnically homogeneous state. A few years later, at the suggestion of Greece, an exchange of population took place, which had no precedent in history. The Greeks who remained in Anatolia (about 1.5 million people) were sent to Greece, and the Turks from Greece to Turkey. This exchange tore a huge number of people from their homes and completely upset the economy of Turkey. The fact is that the Turks have always been excellent soldiers, but the Anatolian Greeks traditionally played the main role in domestic trade.

Having become the sovereign ruler of the ancient country at the age of forty and a little, Mustafa Kemal took up the very difficult task of modernizing Turkish society, introducing it to the achievements of European civilization, culture, science and technology. He believed that only such a Turkey would be considered by the great powers. However, despite the enormous popularity brought to him by military and diplomatic victories, he had to act very carefully, because. it is very difficult to force people to abandon their former way of life, sanctified by religion and traditions. Kemal began with the overthrow of the Sultan, who fulfilled all the requirements of the British. In November 1922, Sultan Mehmed VI was accused of high treason (he secretly got on board a British Navy ship in an English ambulance and fled to the island of Malta). In October 1923, Turkey was declared a republic with Ankara as its capital. Kemal was elected its president, who actually had dictatorial powers and concentrated all power in his hands. The National Assembly followed his instructions. He launched an offensive against many old customs and treated Islam with little reverence. Taking advantage of the opportunity that turned up, in March 1924, at his request, the VNST abolished the caliphate - a system according to which the Turkish sultan was also a caliph, i.e. the spiritual leader of Muslims all over the world, "commander of the faithful." Thus, an ancient institution that played an important role in history passed away. Turkey has become a secular state where Islam has no direct influence on politics. It is interesting that some asked Kemal Pasha himself to assume the duties of the caliph, but he categorically refused. He was generally oriented towards the West, towards Europe, and wanted to modernize Turkey as soon as possible. The new ideal for the Turks was to be nationalism, free from religious intolerance.

https://all-andorra.com/ru/madrid/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/ispaniya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/rioxa/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/logrono/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/pamplona/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/navarra/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kuda-vlozhit-dengi/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/gornolyzhnye-kurorty-pireneev-franciya-kataloniya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/salvador-dali-treugolnik-v-katalonii/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/more/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/turizm/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kartaxena/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kuenka/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/albasete/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/toledo/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/aranxues/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/guadalupe/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kaseres/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/merida/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/sevilya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kadis/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/marbelya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/xaen/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/malaga/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/almeriya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kordova/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/granada/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/lorka/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/alikante/

Nachal yevropeizatsiyu Mustafa Kemal' s nebol'shoy, no ochen' kharakternoy veshchi. On opolchilsya na fesku — golovnoy ubor, stavshiy k tomu vremeni simvolom turok i v kakoy-to mere musul'man voobshche. Snachala on otmenil fesku v armii, zatem sam poyavilsya v shlyape, chem strashno potryas sograzhdan. V itoge Kemal' ob"yavil nosheniye feski prestupleniyem. Konechno, delo bylo ne stol'ko v bezobidnom golovnom ubore, skol'ko v bor'be so starymi obychayami. Po strane v svyazi s etim zapretom prokatilas' volna besporyadkov. Oni byli podavleny, a ikh uchastniki zhestoko nakazany. Sleduyushchim shagom turetskogo prezidenta bylo to, chto on raspustil vse musul'manskiye monastyri i religioznyye ordena i konfiskoval v pol'zu gosudarstva ikh imushchestvo. Traditsionno uvazhayemym v narode i vliyatel'nym dervisham (nishchenstvuyushchim musul'manskim monakham) bylo skazano, chto oni dolzhny trudit'sya i zarabatyvat' sebe na zhizn'. Im zapreshchalos' nosit' osobuyu odezhdu. Vmesto zakrytykh vlastyami musul'manskikh shkol byli sozdany gosudarstvennyye svetskiye uchebnyye zavedeniya, gde prepodavaniye religii zapreshchalos'. Ser'yoznyye izmeneniya proizoshli v oblasti prava. Do Kemalya zakony Turtsii opiralis' na dogmaty Korana, nazyvayemyye shariatom. Teper' byli vvedeny shveytsarskiy grazhdanskiy kodeks, ital'yanskiy ugolovnyy kodeks i germanskiy kommercheskiy kodeks. Izmeneny byli polozheniya chastnogo prava, kasavshiyesya braka, nasledovaniya i pr. Bylo zapreshcheno mnogozhenstvo. Kemal'-pasha pridaval ochen' vazhnoye znacheniye raskreposhcheniyu zhenshchin. On sdelal vse vozmozhnoye, chtoby turchanki lishilis' chadry (pokryvala, v kotoroye zhenshchiny musul'manskogo Vostoka pri vykhode iz doma zakutyvayutsya s golovy do nog, ostavlyaya lish' prosvet dlya glaz), i dobilsya uspekha. Simvolom priobshcheniya naroda voobshche i zhenshchin v chastnosti k zapadnoy tsivilizatsii on schital yevropeyskiye tantsy, kotoryye sam ochen' lyubil. Za kakoy-to desyatok let Turtsiya izmenilas', poyavilis' zhenshchiny-uchitelya, vrachi, yuristy i prochiye. V 1934 g. turetskiye zhenshchiny poluchili izbiratel'nyye prava, chto bylo neslykhannym dlya vostochnoy strany delom.

1,993 / 5,000

Translation results

Mustafa Kemal began Europeanization with a small but very characteristic thing. He took up arms against the fez - a headdress that by that time had become a symbol of the Turks and, to some extent, Muslims in general. First, he abolished the fez in the army, then he himself appeared in a hat, which shocked his fellow citizens terribly. As a result, Kemal declared wearing a fez a crime. Of course, it was not so much a harmless headdress, but a fight against old customs. A wave of riots swept across the country in connection with this ban. They were suppressed, and their participants severely punished.

The next step of the Turkish president was that he dissolved all Muslim monasteries and religious orders and confiscated their property in favor of the state. Traditionally respected and influential dervishes (mendicant Muslim monks) were told that they should work and earn their living. They were forbidden to wear special clothes.

Instead of Muslim schools closed by the authorities, state secular educational institutions were created, where the teaching of religion was prohibited. Serious changes have taken place in the field of law. Before Kemal, the laws of Turkey were based on the tenets of the Koran, called Sharia. The Swiss Civil Code, the Italian Penal Code and the German Commercial Code have now been introduced. The provisions of private law relating to marriage, inheritance, etc. were changed. Polygamy was prohibited.

Kemal Pasha attached great importance to the emancipation of women. He did everything possible to make the Turkish women lose their veil (veil, in which the women of the Muslim East wrap themselves from head to toe when leaving the house, leaving only a gap for the eyes), and achieved success. He considered European dances, which he himself loved very much, to be a symbol of the introduction of the people in general and women in particular to Western civilization. For some ten years, Turkey has changed, there were women teachers, doctors, lawyers and others. In 1934, Turkish women received the right to vote, which was unheard of in an eastern country.

https://all-andorra.com/ru/benidorm/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/valensiya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/gorod-mursiya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/ruajan/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/lion/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/konyak/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/la-baule-escoublac/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/mesto-pod-solntsem/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/somyur/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/la-roshel/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/turisticheskaya-privlekatelnost/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/nant/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/avignon/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/populyarnye-turisticheskie-napravleniya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/otdyh-v-evrope/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/puteshestvie-po-evrope/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/vilfransh-syur-mer/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/montpellier/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/beze/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/tulon/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kogda-svetit-solntse-gde-solntse/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/stolitsa-andorra-la-vella/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kak-provesti-otpusk/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/bilbao/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/gorod-po/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/biarric/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/bajonna/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/sredizemnomorskie-kurorty-francii-kolliur/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/perpinyan/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/tuluza/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/figeras/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/narbonna/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/karkasson/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/loret-de-mar/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/san-sebastyan/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/zhirona/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/lejda-lerida/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/gorod-daks/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/lurd-vtoroj-po-vazhnosti-turisticheskij-centr-francii-posle-parizha/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/sidzhes/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/salou-samyj-turisticheskij-morskoj-kurort-ispanii/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/eskaldes-engordan/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/seo-de-urzhel/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/staryj-gorod-tarragona/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/avtonomnoe-soobshhestvo-madrid/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/eskorial/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kastiliya-la-mancha/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/estremadura/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/sredizemnomorskie-kurorty-ispanii/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/andalusiya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kosta-de-la-lus/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kosta-tropikal/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kosta-de-almeriya/

https://all-andorra.com/ru/kosta-de-valensiya/

A small change, but an important indicator of the new position of the Turkish leaders, was the disapproval of the traditional salam greeting. Kemal made it clear that the handshake is a more modern form of greeting that should be used in the future.

Then the president for life went on the offensive against the Turkish language, or, more precisely, against those elements of it that he considered foreign. The Turks used the Arabic script, and Kemal considered it both difficult and foreign. Taking advantage of the Soviet experience in translating the written language of the peoples of Central Asia into the Latin alphabet, Turkish specialists applied the same system to their language. Kemal Pasha himself launched a vigorous campaign for its introduction. After several years of propaganda, a period was set by law, after which it was forbidden to use the Arabic script and the Latin alphabet was introduced instead. Everyone between the ages of 16 and 40 was required to attend schools to study Latin writing. Officials who did not know him quit. Prisoners who had served their terms of punishment were not released from prisons if they could not read and write in a new way. Of course, such measures, such a drastic breaking of traditions, could only be put into effect thanks to the enormous personal popularity of the dictator. It is unlikely that there would be many rulers who would dare to interfere in people's lives like that.'

When in 1934 the Turks received surnames (before that they used only given names), the National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the surname Atatürk, which means "Father of the Turks." A special law forbade any other citizen of the country from wearing this surname. Indeed, great transformations have completely changed the life of the country, where a whole generation of people has grown up knowing the old customs and religious traditions. However, Turkey in the 20-30s. was not an ideal society, briskly marching at the head of its leader along the path of modernization. Atatürk clearly preferred poverty and the slow development of national industry to dependence on Western powers. His government did not encourage the creation of foreign enterprises, foreign goods were subject to heavy duties. The national industry belonged to the state, and its officials were not always successful in managing factories, factories, and railways.

воскресенье, 29 марта 2020 г.

News update 28/03/2020 (27342)

суббота, 28 марта 2020 г.

News update 28/03/2020 (6234)

воскресенье, 29 марта 2020 г.

суббота, 28 марта 2020 г.