Media, News, Publishing: мая 2020

Such weapons were neither effective nor reliable. The loading procedure itself was very long, and the accuracy was low. In one of the battles, the guns of the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, were loaded and pointed during the battle. The Burgundian gunners took aim too high, but they did not have time to reload their guns. Charles lost the battle. The English archers of that time at a distance of 300 paces without a miss hit the armored knights, while releasing several arrows per minute. The guns often burst, unable to withstand too much pressure from the powder gases. The people who served them, having set fire to the wick leading to the ignition hole, rushed at full speed to a trench that had been dug not far away and hid in it.

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However, these weapons continued to be used in military affairs, gradually improving until they became both effective and reliable. The fact is that it instilled fear in people accustomed to traditional hand-to-hand combat, where everything depended on the strength and skill of a warrior. It was possible to protect oneself from a sword strike, but how to protect oneself from a rapidly rushing all-destroying core? Detachments of well-armed professional warriors fled when they saw the enemy's cannons aimed at themselves, and the cities surrendered without resistance if their defenders noticed that the enemy was arranging positions for their bombards.

The same Montaigne, who did not believe in the viability of firearms, wrote: “When the deafening crackle of an arquebus (i.e., hand weapons, which will be discussed later) suddenly strikes my ears ... I cannot help trembling; I have often seen the same thing happen to other people who are braver than me.

However, over time, these fears gained more and more grounds. In the XV century. guns appeared that were capable of punching a hole in thick stone walls with a few shots. The Duke of Burgundy, a recalcitrant vassal of the King of France, called his artillery "the key of French cities." Hand weapons also became more and more effective, they were already armed with entire detachments of warriors that could decide the outcome of the battle.

15th century tools amaze even today with their power. The bombard "Lazy Magda", for example, weighs 1 t 383 kg, and the diameter of its stone core is 35.5 cm. And this is far from the largest weapon of that time. Even before him, the “Brunswick Metta” weighing 8.7 tons with a core with a diameter of 67 cm and the “Mad Greta” of a slightly larger caliber, but much heavier - 16 tons were made. The design of these bombard guns is more complicated than in the 14th century. They were usually made of thick iron strips welded together, fastened with transverse hoops. The channel was divided into two parts: a smaller "chamber" for gunpowder and a larger "cauldron" for the core. By the end of the XV century. heavy and clumsy iron tools began to be replaced by lighter and more reliable bronze ones. With the same design, they were sometimes made completely gigantic. A giant of giants is the famous Tsar Cannon, cast in 1586 in Moscow by master Andrei Chokhov.

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16th century - time of other structures. The high stone walls could not withstand the power and pressure of the bombards. Instead, they began to build low earthen ramparts that could not be pierced by stone cannonballs. It was impossible to defend against artillery with walls, but it was possible to defend against enemies with the help of artillery. Fortresses change their appearance, because artillery is being improved.

But artillery also changes with the change in the appearance of fortresses. The bombards have been poured or taken to the arsenals. An increasingly important role is played by cannons - guns with long and straight channels, designed for flat shooting at the enemy. The initial speed of their iron cores is greater than that of bombards, and they break through stone walls better. For the destruction of earthen ramparts, mortars are used - shortened bombards that shoot with a canopy of explosive bombs.

Artillery science is developing. European scientists, including the famous Italian mathematician Tartaglia, are engaged in calculations of the trajectories of the flight of shells and give recommendations to foundry masters. There are a lot of guns in Europe, and they are no longer used only in the assaults and defense of cities, but also in field battles. About two and a half thousand of these guns were on the ships of the Invincible Armada, abandoned in 1588 by the Spanish king to conquer England and died ingloriously, never reaching its shores.

Bronze artillery pieces of the 16th-17th centuries. were very beautiful. Sparkling polished surfaces, embossed and carved inscriptions with the names of masters and customers, the coats of arms of European sovereigns, lush floral ornaments, images of heroes and fantastic animals - these are the cannons and mortars of this time. These are genuine masterpieces of foundry craftsmanship and art, and their creators are real artists. The famous cannon master Lofler, for example, is a whole era in the history of artistic casting. Many European monarchs commissioned these formidable works of art from him. Eventually Loefler became one of the richest men and even lent money to his crowned clients.

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