пятница, 8 февраля 2019 г.

Reddit


Renessanssi, Firenze, Medici - kolme sanaa, jotka liittyvät erottamattomasti toisiinsa. Renessanssi on kulttuurin loistavan kukinnan aikaa, joka tuli Eurooppaan varhaisen keskiajan pitkien veristen ongelmien jälkeen. Firenze on kaupunkitasavalta, josta on tullut yksi renessanssin keskuksista. Medici-perhe on kuuluisa firenzeläinen perhe, jonka jäsenistä monet olivat tyypillisiä uuden ajan ihmisiä - lahjakkaita, yritteliäitä, julmia, inspiroituneita, kuten kaikki todelliset firenzeläiset, ajatuksia vapaudesta ja omistautumisesta isänmaalle.

XV vuosisadalla. Firenze on yksi rikkaimmista, väkirikkaimmista ja kauneimmista kaupungeista paitsi Italiassa myös Euroopassa. Sen asukkaat Bardi ja Peruzzi ovat tuon ajan suurimpien pankkien johdossa rahoittaen kauppiaiden ja kaikenlaisten yrittäjien lisäksi kokonaisia ​​osavaltioita, esimerkiksi Englannin kuningasten Edward II:n ja Edward III:n hallituksia.

Firenzeläisissä tehtaissa valmistettuja villakankaita myydään monissa Euroopan, Aasian ja Afrikan kaupungeissa. Yrittelevät kaupunkikauppiaat löysivät ostoskeskuksia ympäri maailmaa. Ei ihme, että paavi Bonifatius VIII sanoi ironisesti, että firenzeläiset, kuten maa, vesi, ilma ja tuli, ovat maailmankaikkeuden perusta.

Kaukaisessa menneisyydessä käytiin taisteluita kansalaisten ja vihattujen feodaaliherrojen välillä, kun Medici-klaanin miehet inspiroivat kansalaisia ​​huudoilla "Palle!", "Pallel" ("Pallit!", "Pallit!"), Heitto. luotipallot kutomakoneista vihollisia vastaan. Medicit, yhdessä muiden firenzeläisten kanssa, saavuttivat täydellisen voiton ritareista-aatelisista, joka kirjattiin erityiseen asiakirjaan nimeltä "vakiintunut oikeus". Firenzen kansalaisten vuonna 1293 allekirjoittama se riisti ritarilta kaikki poliittiset oikeudet, ja aatelisen arvonimi myönnettiin nyt rangaistuksena rikollisille.

Kaupungin isät valitsivat yhden Medicien, Giovannin, osavaltion korkeimpaan asemaan - oikeuden gonfalonieriin. Hänen piti johtaa lähes yksin kaupunkitasavallan poliittista ja taloudellista elämää. Kaikki muut luottivat täysin hänen päätöksiinsä ja saattoivat turvallisesti hoitaa asioitaan.

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Giovanni Medici oli jo tuolloin yksi rikkaimmista kansalaisista, eikä hän ollut kovinkaan kiinnostunut hänelle osoitetusta tehtävästä. Hänen tärkeimmät intressinsä olivat hankkia entistä enemmän varallisuutta ja vahvistaa perheensä taloudellista voimaa. Vuonna 1409 hänestä tuli pankkiiri paavin hovissa, jonka tuella hän perusti pankkinsa sivuliikkeet Bruggessa ja Lontoossa.

Giovanni Medicin kulta avasi pojalleen Cosimolle tien rajattomaan poliittiseen valtaan Firenzessä, josta hän ei päästänyt irti kuolemaansa asti ja siirsi lapsilleen. Cosimo oli koulutettu mies, hieno tieteiden ja taiteiden tuntija. Vuonna 1438 hän tapasi Gemistius Plethonin, joka oli saapunut Firenzeen. Kreikkalainen filosofi oli Platonin opetusten vankkumaton seuraaja, hän unelmoi antiikin filosofian pohjalta luoda koko ihmiskunnalle yhteisen uskonnon. Pleton onnistui esittelemään Cosimo Medicin opetuksiinsa. Sen jälkeen antiikin suuren viisaan nimi ei ole lähtenyt hänen huuliltaan. Hän uskoi vakaasti, että ilman Platonin opetusten tuntemista kukaan ei voi olla hyvä kansalainen tai hyvä kristitty, ja hän vakuutti tästä kaikki ympärillään. Platonin kunnioituksesta koulutettujen firenzeläisten keskuudessa tulee melkein uskonnollinen kultti, joka kilpailee Kristuksen itsensä kanssa. Monissa taloissa valaisimet asetettiin filosofin rintakuvan eteen.

Vanha Cosimo rakasti viettää lämpimiä kevätpäiviä Villa Careggissaan. Leikkaamalla viiniköynnöksiä omin käsin hän kuunteli, kuinka hänen suosikkinsa, nuori Marsilio Ficino, luki hänelle pätkiä Platonin teoksista ja lausui muinaisia ​​oodeja, saattaen itseään lyyralla. Yhdessä näistä lukemista tämä kruunaamaton Firenzen herra kuoli. Kiitolliset kansalaiset kirjoittivat hänen hautakiveensä: "Tässä makaa Cosimo Medici, valtion päätöksellä -" isänmaan isä "".

Cosimon perillinen oli hänen pojanpoikansa Lorenzo. Ja jälleen Villa Careggissa, sitä ympäröivien tammimetsien joukossa, runous, musiikki soi, filosofisia keskusteluja pidettiin, joihin osallistuivat Cosimon, Lorenzon ja Giulianon lapsenlapset, heidän ystävänsä - runoilijat, maalarit, arkkitehdit, maalliset ja papit. He kutsuivat itseään "Platonov-perheeksi" tai Platonin Akatemian jäseniksi - vapaaksi yhteiskunnaksi, jossa oli eriarvoisia ja omaisuusasteita omaavia ihmisiä, jotka rakastivat antiikin kulttuuria.
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Akatemian yksimielisesti valittu johtaja, edesmenneen Cosimo de' Medicin suosikki, aikuinen Marsilio Ficino kutsui itseään "platoniseksi filosofiksi, teologiksi ja lääkäriksi". Hitaasti hän käänsi latinaksi kaikki Platonin ja muiden muinaisten filosofien ja historioitsijoiden tunnetut teokset.

Lorenzo, lempinimeltään Suurenmoinen, ja hänen ystävänsä pyrkivät jäljittelemään taiteen, filosofian ja kirjallisuuden opintojensa lisäksi myös heidän tapaansa pukeutua, puhua ja käyttäytyä yhteiskunnassa. Baldassare Castiglionen tutkielma ”Huomio” luetteli kaikki koulutetun ihmisen ominaisuudet: kyky taistella hyvin miekkojen kanssa, ratsastaa kauniisti, tanssia hienosti, puhua aina miellyttävästi ja kohteliaasti, puhua kaunopuheisesti, puhua mitä tahansa soittimia, käyttäytyä aina yksinkertaisesti ja luonnollisesti olla maallisen luita myöten ja uskovan sielun syvyyksissä.

Lorenzo de' Medici kuunteli tarkkaavaisesti Ficinon sanoja, kun keskustelu kääntyi Jumalaan ja ihmisiin. Ficinosta oli tuolloin tullut Firenzen katedraalin rehtori, ja hänen saarnoihinsa kokoontuivat kaikki ihmiset, jotka pitivät itseään hyvin kasvaneina. Hän kertoi kuulijoilleen, että ihminen ei seiso luomisen huipulla, koska hän voi ymmärtää jumalallisen luomisen lait, vaan siksi, että hän itse kykenee luovaan luomiseen. Suuri jumalallinen työ, jonka kruunaa ihmisen luominen, toistuu ihmisen itsensä työssä, joka jäljittelee tarkasti Jumalaa ja yhdistyy hänen kanssaan tässä. Ihmistä voidaan kutsua jumalalliseksi taiteilijaksi.

Ficino väitti, että ihmisvoima on melkein kuin jumalallinen; mitä Jumala on ajatuksillaan luonut maailmaan, sen ihmismieli hahmottaa itsessään älyllisen teon kautta, ilmaisee kielen avulla, kuvaa, luo rakennuksia ja taideteoksia.

Ficinon aikalainen Nicholas of Cusa väitti, että Jumala on luovuus ja ihminen on luotu Jumalan kuvaksi ja kaltaiseksi; siksi ihminen on myös luoja.

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