All Andorra social networks february 2019

Retkikunnan paluu oli voittoisa. 15. maaliskuuta 1493 Paloen satama tapasi hänet. Sitten Kolumbus meni Barcelonaan, missä Isabella ja Ferdinand olivat tuolloin. Todella oikein

Voltaire: "Onnen hetket ovat arvokkaampia kuin tuhannen vuoden maine." Uuden maailman löytämiselle omistetut juhlat varjostivat kaiken.

Paikallisessa katedraalissa hallitsijat määräsivät valtaistuimen asettamaan kullalla kudotun brokaattikatoksen alle. Kun Kolumbus lähestyi, Isabella ja Ferdinand nousivat ylös eivätkä antaneet hänen polvistua perinteiseen käsien suutelemiseen, ja lisäksi he panivat hänet viereen. Heidän kysymyksilleen ei ollut loppua, ja kävi selväksi, että tämä matka Uuden maailman rannoille ei ollut viimeinen.

Aikalaisten mukaan tutkimusretkien kulut vaihtelivat 1 miljoonasta 140 tuhannesta 2 miljoonaan maravediin. Liikevaihto ylitti tämän määrän noin 170-kertaisesti. Maininta siitä, että kuningattaren väitetään panttinaaneen jalokivinsä laivojen varustamiseen, on vain kaunis legenda...

Kolme muuta tutkimusmatkaa järjestettiin (syyskuu 1493 - kesäkuu 1496, toukokuu 1498 - lokakuu 1500, toukokuu 1502 - marraskuu 1504). Keski-Amerikka ja Etelä-Amerikan pohjoisrannikko löydettiin. Kaikki nämä vuodet Kolumbuksen täytyi todistaa itsensä eri muodoissa: hän oli tiedemies, merenkulkija, valloittaja ja joissain aikoina Espanyolan (Haiti) hallitsija.

Dramaattisin amiraalille oli kolmas retkikunta, josta hän palasi kahleissa Espanjaan. Kolumbuksella oli liikaa vihollisia kateellisen espanjalaisen aateliston joukossa, jotka eivät antaneet anteeksi eilisen lahjakkaan ja itsepäisen köyhän miehen nousua kunnian Olympokselle. Onneksi kuningatar oli jälleen ennakkoluulojen ja palatsin juonittelujen yläpuolella. Hän käski korvata kahleet kalliilla vaatteilla ja lähetti osan henkilökohtaisesta vartiostaan ​​Kolumbuksen kunniavartiostoon. Loukkauksen aiheuttama tuska kuitenkin tyyntyi vasta amiraalin viimeiseen hengenvetoon. Hänen poikansa Ferdinandin mukaan nämä ketjut makasivat jatkuvasti hänen isänsä pöydällä, joka halusi tulla haudatuksi niiden kanssa.

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https://www.reddit.com/user/barbar198/comments/au06wm/seat_1500_aquarelle_de_joan_mañe_all_andorra/

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Helmikuun 10. päivänä 1519 Kuubasta lähtenyt 11 aluksen laivasto, jossa oli 508 sotilasta, suuntasi Yucataniin. Retkikunnan aseistusta, joka koostui aseista, arkebusseista, varsijousista ja pronssisista tykeistä, täydensi 16 hevosta, joilla oli yllättäen erittäin merkittävä rooli Amerikan valloittamisessa. Intiaanit, jotka eivät olleet koskaan nähneet niitä, olivat kauhuissaan fantastisten olentojen nopeudesta ja voimasta. Intiaanit taistelivat jousilla, nuolilla, erittäin pitkillä keihäillä, joissa oli pronssi- tai kuparikärki, ja puumailoilla.

Laskeutuessaan 4. maaliskuuta Tabascon alueelle espanjalaiset etenivät itsevarmasti syvälle Meksikon alueelle. Kuitenkin yllättäen uhka ei alkanut tulla atsteekeilta, vaan osalta kapinallisia maanmiehiä. Kapinalliset yrittivät kaapata yhden laivoista ja palata Kuubaan. Ja sitten Cortesin kova luonne paljastui: kaksi frondeur-johtajaa hirtettiin, yksi jalka leikattiin irti ja kaikki muut saivat 200 sauvaa. Cortezin seuraava askel, jopa hänen ystävilleen, näytti olevan hulluuden rajalla. Hän lähetti yhden laivoista Espanjaan saadakseen Kaarle V:n tuen ja määräsi kaikki muut uppoamaan. Nyt sekä rohkeat että pelkurit leikattiin pois Kuubasta ja tuomittiin lojaalisuuteen Cortesille.

Ei tarvitse kuin ihmetellä sitä todellisuudentajua, jonka Cortés on osoittanut näinä vuosina. Hän kuvitteli selvästi, kuinka naurettavia hänen ponnistelunsa olisivat asevoimalla ja viidensadan ja muutaman ihmisen armeijan "voimalla" valloittaa valtava maa. Totta, hänellä ei vielä ollut täydellistä käsitystä hänestä, mutta hänen vaimokseen tulleen intialaisen Anka Marinan ja joidenkin paikallisten heimojen ka-sik-johtajien (johtajien) saatujen tietojen mukaan hän tiesi jo hänen mittakaavansa ja rikkautensa. vaikuttava.

Cortes valitsee taktiikan houkutellakseen heimojen johtajat puolelleen. Hän osoittautui erittäin tehokkaaksi. Atsteekkien valtakuntaa, joka ei ollut vielä täysin muodostunut, pidettiin vahvana, sen sisäiset ristiriidat pahenivat, ja keisari Montezuma oli epäsuosittu monien heimojen keskuudessa. Pian Sempo-Altecat ja Totonacit ilmaisivat halukkuutensa tehdä yhteistyötä valloittajien kanssa.

https://www.reddit.com/user/barbar198/comments/au05o1/1959_chevrolet_impala_blanc_et_rouge_all_andorra/

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20. toukokuuta 1506 Kolumbus lausui viimeiset sanansa: "Herra, sinun käsiisi minä uskon henkeni." Levoton kohtalo odotti hänen jäänteitään. Kolumbus haudattiin Sevillaan, mutta sitten hänen tahtonsa täyttyessä jäännökset haudattiin uudelleen Hispaniolaan. Vuonna 1795 saaresta tuli ranskalainen siirtomaa, ja Kolumbuksen tuhkat päätyivät Kuubaan ja vuonna 1877 - jälleen Sevillaan, jossa ne edelleen lepäävät.

Hän lähti, ja ihmiskunta aloitti loputtoman keskustelun siitä, oliko Amerikan löytö löytö, ja jos oli, mikä sen merkitys on. On mahdollista, että muut merenkulkijat pääsivät Amerikan rannoille jo ennen Kolumbusta. Yksi heistä on tehnyt tehtävänsä. Islantilaisten saagojen ansiosta tuli tunnetuksi viikinki Leif Ericksonin nimi, joka purjehti Newfoundlandin rannoille noin 1000.

Historia ei kuitenkaan "huomannut" Ericksonin matkaa tai muita maihinnousuja Uuden maailman rannoille, niistä ei tullut maailmanlaajuisesti merkittävää tapahtumaa, ne eivät laajentaneet ihmisen älyllistä horisonttia, eivät edistäneet maakunnan aktiivista tietämystä. lukuisia maan salaisuuksia. Kolumbuksen neljä matkaa johti pysyvien taloudellisten, poliittisten ja kulttuuristen siteiden luomiseen itäisen ja lännen pallonpuoliskon välille. Se oli, voisi sanoa, Euroopan ja Amerikan molemminpuolinen avautuminen.

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Uuden maailman löytäminen johti valloitukseen (espanjaksi conquista - valloitus), jota perulainen tutkimusmatkailija Maryategi kutsui "viimeiseksi ristiretkeksi". Rististä ja miekasta tuli valloituksen symboleja, ja julmuudesta, ahneudesta, tekopyhyydestä ja tekopyhyydestä tuli useimpien valloittajien olennainen piirre. Conquista aloitti Amerikan intiaanien ainutlaatuisten kulttuurien, inkojen, mayojen, atsteekkien ja Chibcha Muiscan ainutlaatuisten sivilisaatioiden tuhon. XV vuosisadan lopussa. merentakaisten rikkauksien kangastukset valloittivat tuhansien espanjalaisten mielikuvituksen, jotka ryntäsivät Kolumbuksen syrjäyttämää polkua pitkin. Keitä he ovat?

Sen jälkeen kun maurit karkotettiin Iberian niemimaalta, ne, joille sotilaallinen panssari oli pääasiallinen toimeentulo, jäivät työttömäksi. Mutta yhtäkkiä avautui upea mahdollisuus: valtameren toisella puolella Euroopassa tuntematon maailma osoittautui "kodittomaksi". Ja eiliset sotilaat, munkit, tuhoutuneet hidalgot vedettiin uuteen maailmaan. Inkvisitiota ne, jotka eivät kyenneet ottamaan toimen uskonnollisen sorron kanssa, pakenivat Atlantin yli; köyhyys ajoi sinne ne, jotka vain siellä toivoivat onnen suosiota. Toiveet ja huhut synnyttivät yhä enemmän uusia legendoja: Amazonien maasta ja ainutlaatuisista kaupungeista, joissa talot on tehty puhtaasta hopeasta, ja ikuisen nuoruuden lähteestä ja tietysti Eldoradosta - amatsonien maasta. lukemattomia aarteita ja "kullattuja" ihmisiä.

"Kulta" on taikasana, joka sai Espanjan kuninkaat valloittamaan suhteellisen lyhyen historiallisen ajanjakson aikana valtavan, tuhansien kilometrien päässä olevan mantereen, jonka väkiluku ylitti huomattavasti Nepanian väestön. Espanjalainen humanisti Bartolome de Las Casas kirjoitti kuvaillessaan uusia "ristiretkeläisiä", tapahtumien aikalaisia: "He kävelivät risti kädessään ja kyltymätön kullan jano sydämessään."

Tälle ennennäkemättömälle kampanjalle oli ominaista kolme pääkomponenttia: alueellinen laajentuminen, voiton henki sekä lähetystyö- ja koulutusaiheet, jotka liittyvät alkuperäiskansojen kääntymiseen kristinuskoon. Niin kutsutulla "adelan-tadolla" oli erityinen, tärkeä rooli valloituksessa. Kuningas antoi tämän tittelin niille, jotka järjestäytyään aseellisen retkikunnan omalla kustannuksellaan tai jonkun muun avulla suuntasivat sen Uuteen maailmaan valloittamaan alueita, joita heidän piti hallita tulevaisuudessa kuninkaan puolesta.

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Valtion kassaa käytettiin vain Kolumbuksen matkojen, Magellanin kiertämisen ja Pedrarias Davilan retkien tukemiseen Keski-Amerikkaan. Kuninkaalliset satulat (säädökset) määrittelivät valloitusmatkan vähimmäiskokoonpanon - 320 henkilöä: 100 jalkaväkeä, 40 ritaria, 50 maanviljelijää, 30 merimiestä, 20 kultapesuria, 20 upseeria, 30 naista jne. Suurimmat vaikeudet olivat naisten rekrytointi: heitä ei yleensä pystytty rekrytoimaan tarvittava määrä.

Historioitsijoiden arviot valloittajista ovat hyvin erilaisia, mutta poikkeuksetta ne perustuvat heidän ahneuteen, turhamaisuuteen, lannistumattomaan raivoon ja epätoivoiseen rohkeuteen. Nämä ovat yleensä huonoja poliitikkoja ja epäonnistuneita hallintovirkailijoita, ihmisiä, jotka ranskalaisen runoilijan José Maria de Eredian sanoin "väsynevät vuotaviin kaftaaneihin... purjehtivat valloittamaan tuon upean metallin".

Eurooppalaisten ensimmäisen iskun kokivat Karibian saarten alkuperäisasukkaat. Kolumbus itse asiassa valloitti Hispaniolan ja Jamaikan (katso artikkeli "Christopher Columbus"). Sitten tuli Puerto Ricon ja Kuuban vuoro. Myöhemmin saarista tuli Espanjan valloituksen pysyvä tukikohta; heiltä lähetettiin valloitusretkiä läntisen pallonpuoliskon eri alueille.

Karibian mailla ei ollut runsaasti jalometalleja, ja "kultakuume" kiihotti valloittajien mielikuvitusta ja ajoi heidät etsimään aarteita aiemmin tuntemattomilta leveysasteilta. Meksikon valloituksesta sen valtavan rikkauden kanssa tuli ratkaiseva sysäys valloituskampanjan kehittämiselle. Konkistadorin erikoinen standardi ilmestyi - Hernan Cortes (1485-1547).

Varakkaat vanhemmat ovat tunnistaneet 14-vuotiaan Hernanin kuuluisimmasta espanjalaisesta yliopistosta Salamancan kaupungissa. Oikeuskäytäntö kyllästytti hänet kuitenkin kahden vuoden jälkeen. Koko Espanja kehui Kolumbuksen löytämistä salaperäisistä Intiasta, ja seikkailun tunne valtasi. Vuonna 1504 hän saapui Hispaniolan saarelle, josta hänen huimaava uransa alkoi.

Cortesin elämäkerran kirjoittajat eivät säästäneet kehuja väittäen, että hän, kuten muinaiset sankarit, oli taottu teräksestä, he kutsuivat häntä Caesariksi Vergiliuksen sielulla. Jokaisen epiteetin takana oli totuuden siemen. Tietenkin tämä oli erinomainen persoona: hän ei pelännyt valtameren suunnattomuutta, intiaanien nuolia tai vihollisen moninkertaista numeerista ylivoimaa. Hienovaraisena psykologina ja taitavana diplomaattina Cortésilla oli kaunopuheisuuden lahja ja tyylikäs kirjoitustyyli. Kaikki tämä ilmeni, kun hän valloitti atsteekkien valtakunnan, josta hän kertoi kuuluisissa kirjeissään Espanjan kuninkaalle Kaarle V:lle. Viidestä valloittajan kirjeestä, jotka muistuttivat pikemminkin monisivuisia tutkielmia, tuli arvokas lähde Espanjan valloituksen tutkijoille. Meksiko,