Hulagu in 1256 conquered all of Iran, putting an end to the Ismaili state, two years later he defeated the troops of the Abbasid caliph Mustasim and occupied his possessions. In 1259, the troops of the Mamluk ruler of Egypt Kutuz stood in the way of Hulagu. Having lost the battle to him, Hulagu decided to turn back and start arranging the already conquered lands - Iranian, Azerbaijani, Armenian and Georgian. Over time, Hulagu and his successors created a state independent of the rulers of Karakorum on the subject lands, known in history as the state of the Khulagids, or Ilkhans, which existed for many years. Hulagu's connection with his homeland was weakening. Partly because of his desire to be independent, partly because of the vast distances, but also because a state appeared between his possessions and his father's ulus, where Vatu and his descendants established themselves.
In gratitude for the help, Batu received vast lands from Mongke Khan, stretching from the Crimea and the Dniester in the west to the Irtysh in the east. In the northeast, he got the Bulgar principality, in the south - the North Caucasus to Derbent, and in the southeast - Khorezm with Urgench and the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. The conquered Russian princes became tributaries of Batu, who received from the hands of the Mongols labels to rule in their own destinies. The possessions of Batu-Batu entered the Russian chronicles under the name "Golden Horde". Its dominance continued for almost three centuries, until it was shaken in 1380 on the Kulikovo field.
In the meantime, the Great Khan Mongke was worried about affairs in the east. His governor in China was brother Khu Bilay. Having a numerous, well-armed, loyal army, he behaved as if the Great Mongol Khan had no power over him: he surrounded himself with Chinese nobles, officials, scientists, taught his children the Chinese language and customs.
Mongke ordered that Khubilai be brought to Karakorum, where he, with tears in his eyes, begged to be forgiven for his involuntary wrongdoing. The Great Khan did not believe his brother, but remembering the troops ready to defend Khubilai, he pretended to forgive. However, he did not let him go from his headquarters and ordered to cancel all orders of Khubilai in Chinese lands. So that no one would have any doubts about who held the supreme power, in 1259 Möngke set out on a campaign against the central and southern regions of China. But, not having time to go beyond the Great Steppe, he died.
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Khubilai immediately gathered like-minded people and in 1260 declared himself the Great Khan. The Mongolian nobility proclaimed the ruler of his younger brother Arig-Buku. Discord boiled up. When Khubilai succeeded in capturing his recalcitrant brother in 1264, who soon died in captivity, another pretender appeared - Ogedei's grandson, Kaidu, supported by relatives. Only in 1289 Khubilai managed to get rid of his competitors.
The residence of the Great Khan was first located in Kaiping-Shandu - the Upper Capital. Later, he ordered the construction of his "Great Capital" near Zhongdu, the stronghold of the Jin dynasty overthrown by the Mongols. The city was called Daidu, or Khan-balyk, later it became known as Beijing.
In 1271, Khubilai calls his state "Yuan", which means "new", "beginning". He wanted to convince the Chinese of the beginning of a qualitatively new period of his reign. Khubilai proclaims himself emperor - the son of heaven, restores many orders that previously existed in China.
During his long (1260-1294) reign, Khubilai did not disregard everything that happened in his native pastures and did not forget to add more and more new lands to his possessions. In 1279, all of China and Tibet were already subject to him, campaigns were undertaken in Burma, Cambodia, the Sunda Islands, and even Japan, which was twice saved by storms that destroyed almost the entire military squadron of the Mongols.
The Yuan troops could still win, but they did not have enough strength to consolidate what they had won with the sword. It was no longer the bathers of Genghis Khan, whose warlike spirit, courage and courage were the key to victory, that fought, but forced people. Only the fear of death at the hands of the Mongol commanders forced them to go into battle. Such an army could not be relied upon, and the Yuan emperors became hostages in the hands of the palace clique.
After the death of Khubilai, eight emperors were replaced on the Yuan throne, and not one lived to a ripe old age. The last was Toghon Temur, who ascended the throne as a 13-year-old boy and reigned for 36 years. Four years after his accession to the throne, an uprising broke out in China. Like a flame, it engulfed almost the entire country. To suppress it, extreme measures had to be taken. The reign of Togon-Temur ended in 1368. He had to flee to the Mongolian lands. There, in the vicinity of Dalai Lake, his devoted supporters, expelled from China, gathered. Two years later, the headquarters of Togon-Temur was defeated by the army of the Ming dynasty. Only his son Ayushridara managed to escape, who fled to Karakorum, where he was proclaimed the Great Mongol Khan under the name of Biliktu Khan. The battles of the Mongols with the Chinese took place with varying success: both did not have enough strength for a decisive victory. The truce concluded in 1374 was observed until the death of Biliktu Khan in 1378. Then the war flared up with renewed vigor, although Mongolia was torn apart by contradictions: in 12 years, 12 rulers were replaced there, who were put on the throne and overthrown by the Mongolian nobility. Trying to achieve personal independence, she entered into an alliance even with the Ming dynasty.
The enmity between the rulers of its western and eastern lands also prevented the preservation of a united Mongolia. At first, luck smiled at the Western Mongols-Oirats. Their leaders turned out to be energetic and intelligent people. One of them, To-gon, having subjugated numerous small possessions, launched an offensive against the princes of Eastern Mongolia. By 1434, all of Mongolia was already under his rule, with the exception of the lands along the Great Wall of China, where the "three districts of the Uriankhais" loyal to China roamed. They were subsequently conquered by Togon's son, Esen, who ruled from 1440 to 1455. He considered himself the ruler of Mongolia, although he was officially called taishi, the first minister of the All-Mongol Khan Daisun.
In 1449, the Mongols, led by Esen, set out on a campaign against China, which refused to supply silk and food to Mongolia, and also to accept, generously endowing, countless embassies of the steppe nobility. A Chinese army under the command of Emperor Ying Zong himself came out to meet them. It is not known what he was counting on when trying to resist the Mongols with a hastily assembled, poorly armed, practically incapacitated army. The outcome was a foregone conclusion: the defeated Chinese army fled. The Mongols captured a huge number of prisoners and the entire convoy. The emperor himself was also captured - an exceptional case in the entire history of China.
It seemed that the Mongols would once again establish themselves on Chinese lands, but a quarrel broke out among the winners. Daisun remembered that he was the Great Khan, and the proud Esen treated him like an annoying burden, considering only himself worthy of the Khan's throne. In 1451 they met on the battlefield and Daisun was killed. Esen proclaimed himself the Great Khan. Daisun's supporters rebelled against him. Four years later they killed the usurper. Mongolia again turned out to be divided into many hostile destinies.
In 1479 Batu-Mongke, who received the name Dayan Khan, occupied the khan's throne. He managed to gather the entire Mongolian people into a "single rein", defeat the recalcitrant, make peace with China, and resume trade with it. It seemed that peace had come to the suffering Mongolian people... But everything turned out differently. Dying, Dayan Khan divided his possessions between his eleven sons. The elders received destinies in southern Mongolia, and the youngest, Geresenze, inherited his father's native ulus in the north of the country. Numerous possessions arose again, and never again Mongolia was able to reunite. Everyone was at enmity with everyone: northern with southern, eastern with western, together and one by one opposed China.
