Il passaggio di una persona a un nuovo modo di vivere e, diverso da prima, le relazioni con la natura circostante sono avvenute contemporaneamente alla formazione di una diversa percezione del mondo. Naturalmente, anche ai tempi della Nuova Età della Pietra, come prima, non c'erano scienza, scienziati, filosofi che si dedicassero allo studio della natura e della società umana. La consapevolezza del mondo è avvenuta spontaneamente e tutti i membri della società vi hanno partecipato. In questo momento, la percezione dell'ambiente è rimasta concreta, figurativa. I concetti astratti, astratti non si sono ancora separati dalle loro manifestazioni reali. Tracce di questo si sono conservate nelle lingue antiche, quando le persone che le parlavano avevano già la scrittura. Ad esempio, nella lingua sumera, il concetto di "aprire" significava letteralmente "spingi la porta" e "uccidi" - "colpisci la testa con un bastone". Dietro ogni concetto c'era un'immagine, un'azione viva. Sotto questo aspetto, gli antichi contadini e pastori differivano poco dai loro antenati. Tuttavia, qualcosa di nuovo è apparso nel loro mondo di percezione.
Questo può essere giudicato dalle belle arti, in cui è incarnata la comprensione figurativa del mondo. Nell'antichità il ruolo dell'arte era ancora più importante di oggi: in assenza della scienza, racchiudeva quasi l'intera esperienza di conoscenza del mondo.
Ricordiamo quanto fossero vivide e vivide le immagini di animali nelle grotte del tardo periodo dell'antica età della pietra. I loro creatori erano ben consapevoli del comportamento degli animali, delle loro abitudini. Hanno notato nei loro movimenti tali linee che sfuggono all'osservatore moderno. È interessante notare che, mentre raffiguravano animali, gli antichi maestri usavano irregolarità, depressioni e sporgenze della roccia per modellare i loro corpi, simili ai contorni delle figure. L'immagine, per così dire, non si è ancora separata dallo spazio che la circonda, non è diventata indipendente.
Le persone dell'antica età della pietra non conoscevano l'ornamento. Sulle immagini di animali e persone fatte di ossa, a volte si vedono tratti o zigzag ripetuti ritmicamente, come se fossero simili a un ornamento. Ma, guardando da vicino, vedi che questo è un simbolo di lana, piume di uccelli o capelli. Proprio come l'immagine di un animale "continua" lo sfondo roccioso, così questi motivi ornamentali non sono ancora diventati figure indipendenti e condizionali separate dalla cosa, che possono essere applicate a qualsiasi superficie.
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La stessa connessione con le forme naturali si trova negli strumenti e in altri prodotti. I più vecchi erano solo pietre scheggiate. A poco a poco, gli strumenti hanno cominciato ad assumere forme che somigliavano solo lontanamente a ciò che si può vedere in natura. Spesso le persone hanno mantenuto inalterato ciò che è stato creato dalla natura. Quindi, hanno realizzato gioielli con i denti degli animali, senza elaborarli in alcun modo. Al corno di un cervo, tutti i processi sono stati segati, tranne uno, e questo dispositivo è stato utilizzato come lanciatore di lancia. I vasi erano fatti di corteccia d'albero, foglie larghe, pelli o pelli di animali.
Così, prevaleva nella percezione della natura il seguirla, l'attenzione alle forme mutevoli, ai fenomeni specifici, e non ai tratti comuni tra loro, non ai segni che si ripetono costantemente, che ora chiamiamo regolarità. Questo è comprensibile: il mondo di un cacciatore che vive in mezzo alla natura è in continua evoluzione, è circondato da molte creature e piante. È costretto ad adattare il suo alloggio al luogo in cui è capitato di soggiornare; può essere una grotta, una capanna o un edificio più solido, ma all'esterno quasi non differisce da una collina o da un mucchio di rami.
Il mondo degli agricoltori stanziali è cambiato. Tipicamente, l'ornamento inizia a svolgere un ruolo di primo piano nelle loro belle arti. Figure che si ripetono ritmicamente coprono le pareti lisce dei vasi, le pareti delle abitazioni. Probabilmente anche tappeti e tessuti non sopravvissuti ai nostri tempi erano decorati con ornamenti. L'ornamento è apparso quando le persone hanno scoperto caratteristiche stabili nella struttura delle cose che hanno creato. I motivi ornamentali hanno enfatizzato le parti che compongono le cose. Alle navi, hanno individuato la parte superiore e inferiore, il collo e la parte inferiore. Se il vaso era piatto come un piatto, i motivi della parte centrale differivano dai motivi sul bordo.
I motivi ornamentali spesso trasmettevano immagini di persone, animali e uccelli in una forma condizionale. Ma molti di loro erano geometrici e nel tempo ci sono sempre più ornamenti simili. Sono stati dati contorni geometrici sia alle decorazioni che ai sigilli a timbro, che sono stati utilizzati per applicare immagini su materiali plastici (argilla, pasta). Le figure di persone che scolpivano dall'argilla, nei loro contorni, si avvicinavano a forme geometriche. Tutto ciò dimostra che hanno iniziato a guardare il mondo in modo diverso rispetto a prima: dopotutto, non ci sono così tanti oggetti e creature in natura che assomigliano a forme geometriche rigorose. Gli ornamenti mostrano che le persone della nuova età della pietra hanno una maggiore capacità di distrarsi dalla realtà concreta, cogliendo caratteristiche comuni nella diversità del mondo.
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L'ornamento è un'arte associata alla misurazione e al numero. I suoi motivi e la struttura compositiva mostrano che i più amati tra i più antichi contadini che vivevano nell'Asia occidentale e centrale erano i numeri "tre" e "quattro". Sono molto comuni figure a forma di quadrato o una composizione di questa forma, composta da quattro triangoli, figure di uccelli o animali. Tale attenzione alla forma del quadrilatero non era casuale. Quindi hanno rappresentato lo spazio della terra, i campi, i bacini idrici. Ricordiamo che le case avevano lo stesso piano.
La terra è un piano con quattro punti di riferimento, i lati si trovano a destra ea sinistra, davanti e dietro una persona. Il punto di partenza è il centro, che si considerano gli abitanti di ogni villaggio. I quattro punti di riferimento sono anche associati alle quattro direzioni principali: nord, sud, est e ovest, che hanno imparato a determinare dal movimento dei corpi celesti.
Verticalmente, il mondo è diviso in tre zone: la sommità è il cielo, dove vivono i luminari, le nuvole da cui sgorga l'acqua celeste; il mondo di mezzo è la terra con tutto ciò che lo abita, e nel mezzo, ancora, c'è “il tuo villaggio”, “noi”; sottoterra si trova il mondo sotterraneo - il luogo della vita dei morti, che, tuttavia, possono anche andare in paradiso. L'immagine del mondo con sette punti di riferimento e zone principali - quattro in orizzontale, tre in verticale - era incarnata nella struttura delle cose, nella disposizione delle case. Ad esso corrispondevano anche le azioni rituali.
Naturalmente, le persone hanno capito il mondo non come una figura geometrica come un cristallo. Tutte le zone del mondo erano abitate da creature che avevano proprietà diverse e trattavano le persone in modo diverso. Il più importante era considerato il loro villaggio o un gruppo di villaggi, i cui abitanti erano imparentati. Intorno vivevano altre persone, vicini vicini e lontani. Più si allontanava dalla "loro" terra, più le persone diventavano pericolose. Potrebbero essere ostili, come gli spiriti e gli animali selvatici che abitano la loro terra. Come gli spiriti e le bestie, potevano avere proprietà speciali e pericolose ed erano considerati non del tutto umani. A questo proposito, possiamo ricordare che fino a tempi relativamente recenti, nel Medioevo, gli abitanti dell'Europa credevano seriamente che le persone con la testa di cane abitassero aree della Terra da loro remote.
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Il centro, la propria terra, il proprio villaggio, ovviamente, sono i migliori. Ma non erano isolati dal resto del mondo: il sole splendeva dall'alto e cadeva la pioggia, le piante crescevano da sotto terra. In luoghi remoti, le terre erano ricche di ciò che mancava a “noi”: pietre belle e resistenti, legno, animali inediti. Il mondo intero era abitato, pullulava letteralmente di vita e le relazioni con tutte le creature - dagli spiriti celesti agli spiriti degli antenati morti - erano molto interessanti per le persone. Ricordiamo che il viaggio in terre straniere, montagne, foreste, attraverso il mare e persino in paradiso o negli inferi è un tema costante dei racconti popolari. Questa è un'eredità dei tempi antichi, quando tali viaggi fantastici, i collegamenti con gli abitanti di altri mondi erano considerati una necessità vitale.
Si credeva che si potesse arrivare in paradiso scalando montagne o arrampicandosi su un albero alto. Gli assistenti in imprese così pericolose erano animali e uccelli che vivevano sia in terre straniere che non lontano da "noi", nonché spiriti. Si credeva che alcune persone fossero in grado di ritrovarsi in un altro mondo, eseguendo rituali, facendo affidamento sul supporto dei loro assistenti magici. Come gli sciamani siberiani, caddero in uno stato speciale: una trance. Queste persone eseguivano rituali per guarire i malati o per scoprire le intenzioni degli spiriti di altri mondi.
C'erano altri modi per comunicare con gli abitanti di altri mondi: eseguendo rituali speciali, puoi attirare la loro attenzione, invitarli a un trattamento speciale. Puoi inviare loro un messaggero con una richiesta: per questo hanno sacrificato un animale o una persona. Ma puoi anche fare un disegno sul muro di una casa, una roccia o una nave, in una forma condizionale, incarnando ciò che la gente voleva. Le figure che componevano l'ornamento erano immagini semplificate e schematizzate di animali, piante e fenomeni reali del mondo circostante. Una linea ondulata significava acqua, un triangolo significava una montagna. Le persone hanno imparato a trasmettere informazioni sul mondo sotto forma di segni convenzionali per causare magicamente l'evento desiderato. Ad esempio, trascinando una capra su un vaso vicino a una pianta e un ruscello di pioggia che scrosciava dall'alto, speravano di affrettare l'arrivo della primavera. Tali immagini sembrano già messaggi a forze sovrumane, ricordando loro che non dovrebbero essere indifferenti agli animali, alle piante e, naturalmente, alle persone.
Finora, negli ornamenti iniziarono ad apparire segni lontani di segni scritti: del resto è noto che i segni degli scritti più antichi erano pittorici. Il loro significato è strettamente correlato a ciò che hanno rappresentato. Il disegno del piede indicava il concetto di "camminare", così come la parola corrispondente della lingua, il disegno del sole - "splendore", ecc. Ma questo è stato più tardi, ma per ora i segni che formano l'ornamento avevano un significato diverso: potevano scacciare il male e attrarre il bene, causare fertilità, proteggere dalle malattie. Tra loro c'erano segni-simboli di vari gruppi di persone, membri dello stesso clan, abitanti dello stesso villaggio.
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L'economia degli agricoltori e dei pastori richiedeva un'osservazione più attenta del passare del tempo rispetto a prima. Ora le persone non si sono solo adattate ai cambiamenti naturali, hanno imparato a pianificare il lavoro agricolo per l'anno a venire, a prevedere se ci sarebbero state scorte sufficienti prima del nuovo raccolto. Per fare questo, hanno osservato i corpi celesti, principalmente il Sole e la Luna. C'erano segni di ordine nel loro movimento. L'anno cominciò a essere diviso in più parti, stagioni. La conoscenza dei mesi lunari è passata dagli antenati: i cacciatori.
L'intera vita delle persone è diventata più ordinata. A un certo momento seminavano, raccoglievano, versavano il grano nei depositi, costruivano case, scolpivano vasi, scambiavano i loro prodotti con i vicini. Anche molti rituali divennero regolari, venivano eseguiti anno dopo anno negli stessi giorni.
Di particolare importanza iniziarono ad acquisire i confini tra le stagioni, così come l'inizio dell'anno, che cadeva in primavera o in autunno. L'inizio dell'anno nel ciclo temporale occupava lo stesso posto centrale del punto centrale e centrale nello spazio del mondo. Più tardi, ci saranno idee che il mondo sia stato creato in un momento, all'inizio del tempo, che è stato identificato con l'inizio dell'anno, e questo è accaduto nel centro sacro, sulla montagna originale o nell'"ombelico della Terra" , dove agirono gli dei creatori.
Le caratteristiche della nuova percezione del mondo da parte delle persone sono particolarmente note dalla cultura degli antichi contadini e pastori dell'Oriente. Non solo i reperti archeologici, ma anche la cultura piuttosto nota dei loro discendenti aiutano a restaurare e ricostruire le loro idee. Questi discendenti hanno già creato i primi stati, avevano una lingua scritta e lasciato i testi delle loro leggende, racconti, scritti religiosi. La cultura dell'antico Egitto, Sumer, Elam, Iran, India, Cina è nata sulla base di tutto ciò che è stato creato dai predecessori primitivi.
Con l'istituzione dell'agricoltura e dell'allevamento del bestiame, uno stile di vita sedentario, lo sviluppo della cultura umana in molte aree della Terra è andato a un ritmo senza precedenti. Il ruolo di leader spettava dapprima agli abitanti di quelle zone dove si affacciavano nuove forme di gestione e di vita. Ma i loro vicini vicini e lontani non hanno semplicemente trasferito sul loro suolo le innovazioni che avevano messo radici in diverse regioni dell'Asia. La natura, e quindi le condizioni di vita, le tradizioni, le abitudini erano ovunque diverse. Era impossibile trasferire forme di esistenza adatte agli abitanti dell'Asia Minore o della Palestina nel Sud, e ancor più nell'Europa Centrale. Quindi, conoscendo la vita di qualcun altro, con ciò che vorrebbero prenderne in prestito, le persone hanno dovuto adattarla alle condizioni della loro vita e della loro vita. Come si diffusero le conquiste e le innovazioni in quel momento? Allora non c'erano altri modi per trasmettere informazioni, tranne il linguaggio e le mani umane. Trasferindosi in nuove terre libere, le persone portavano loro la loro cultura e i nuovi vicini potevano prendere in prestito da loro ciò che sembrava attraente. Un altro modo, e forse più comune, di diffusione dell'innovazione era lo scambio. Abbiamo già detto che ha svolto un ruolo molto importante nella vita delle persone dei tempi primitivi. L'ambra baltica, ad esempio, si è diffusa a grandi distanze dalle sorgenti: ha raggiunto il Mediterraneo. Nella nuova età della pietra apparvero le miniere, in cui estraevano la pietra non solo per se stessi, ma anche per scambiare con i loro vicini. Si costruiscono lunghe catene di collegamenti. Oggetti di valore, materie prime passate di mano in mano e, comunicando, le persone hanno imparato che da qualche parte lontano non cacciano più animali, ma li allevano, coltivano piante, cuociono torte dai cereali, vivono in villaggi permanenti. Imparare cose nuove ha richiesto tempo. Una scoperta ha dato vita ad altre. Quindi, non era affatto necessario vedere come qualcuno fondeva il metallo. Le tecniche più semplici sono state inventate indipendentemente in diverse regioni.
