Media, News, Publishing: New reddit archives 25.07.2019

PREREQUISITES FOR FORMATION OF THE STATE

In the VI-IX centuries. prerequisites for the formation of the state of the Eastern Slavs. The economic prerequisites for this process were the transition to arable farming, the separation of handicrafts from agriculture, the concentration of handicrafts in cities, the emergence of exchange relations, and the predominance of free labor over slave labor. There were political prerequisites: the need for the tribal nobility in the apparatus to protect their privileges and seize new lands, the formation of tribal unions of the Slavs, the threat of attacks by enemies, a sufficient level of military organization. The social prerequisites were the change of the tribal community to the neighboring one, the emergence of social inequality, the presence of patriarchal forms of slavery, the formation of the ancient Russian people. The common pagan religion, similar customs, rituals, social psychology created the spiritual prerequisites for the formation of statehood.

Russia was located between Europe and Asia within the flat space, so the need for constant protection from enemies forced the Eastern Slavs to rally to create a strong state power.

state formation

According to The Tale of Bygone Years (hereinafter PVL), the oldest chronicle of Russia, in 862 the Varangians, who had previously imposed tribute on the tribes of the Ilmen Slovenes and Chuds, were expelled across the sea. After that, civil strife began on the lands of the tribal union of the Ilmen Slovenes. Not being able to resolve conflicts on their own, the local tribes decided to call on a ruler who was not associated with any of the clans: “Let's look for a prince who would rule us and judge by law.” And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus, as others are called Swedes, and others Normans and Angles, and still other Gotlanders, like these. The Russians said Chud, Slovenes, Krivichi and all: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us." And three brothers were elected with their clans, and they took all of Russia with them, and they came, and the eldest, Rurik, sat in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Beloozero, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed. Novgorodians are those people from the Varangian family, and before that they were Slovenes.

V. M. Vasnetsov. The calling of the Varangian princes.

From the document (I. N. Danilevsky. Ancient Russia through the eyes of contemporaries and descendants (IX-XII centuries). Course of lectures):

"The question of the origin and original meaning of the word rus should be separated from the problem of the emergence of the most ancient East Slavic state known to us (more precisely, polyethnic, with a predominance of the East Slavic component) state, which received this name in the sources.

The ethnic origin of the first Russian princes is not directly connected either with the etymology of the name of the state of Rus, or with the problem of the emergence of state institutions among the Eastern Slavs. At the same time, it should be noted - as a pattern for early state associations - the invitation of foreigners to the "roles" of the first rulers.

It is possible that toponyms and ethnonyms with roots *ros- / *rus- that are homophonous or close-sounding in Old Russian, Greek, Scandinavian, Gothic, Latin and Arabic sources could have different origins and. only later became contaminated. This could give rise to additional difficulties in studying the original meanings of such terms.

The semi-legendary calling of Rurik to the reign of Novgorod in 862 (his brothers are completely fictional characters) is traditionally considered the beginning of the history of the Russian state.

The same year the chronicler dates the formation of the second center of the Russian statehood of the Kyiv Principality of Askold and Dir. According to the PVL, Askold and Dir, Rurik's warriors, left their prince and occupied Kyiv, the tribal center of the glades, who had previously paid tribute to the Khazars. Now the legend about the exodus of Askold and Dir from Rurik is recognized as unhistorical. Most likely, these princes had nothing to do with the Varangian ruler of Novgorod and were representatives of the local dynasty.

In any case, in the second half of the VIII century. on the lands of the Eastern Slavs, two centers of statehood were formed.

Norman Question

There are two main hypotheses for the formation of the Old Russian state. According to the classical Norman theory, it was introduced from outside by the Varangians brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor in 862. The authors of the Norman theory were G.F. Miller, A.L. in. at the Russian Academy of Sciences. The anti-Norman theory, the founder of which was M. V. Lomonosov, is based on the concepts of the impossibility of “teaching statehood” and the formation of the state as a natural stage in the internal development of society.

The problem of the ethnicity of the Varangians is directly connected with the Norman question. Normanists consider them Scandinavians, some anti-Normanists, starting with Lomonosov, suggest their West Slavic, Finno-Ugric or Baltic origin.

At this stage in the development of historical science, most historians adhere to the concept of the Scandinavian origin of the Varangians. At the same time, the fact is also recognized that the Scandinavians, who were at a similar or even lower level of development of social relations than the Eastern Slavs, could not bring statehood to the lands of Eastern Europe. Thus, the emergence of the Old Russian state was a logical conclusion to the process of internal development of the East Slavic society; the ethnicity of the princely dynasty did not play a primary role in the formation of Russia.

N. Roerich. Overseas guests

From the document (Mavrodin V.V. Formation of the Old Russian state):

“An analysis of the Scandinavian material monuments found in Eastern Europe and dating from the end of the 9th-10th centuries leads us to the conclusion that the nature of the relationship between the Normans and the Slavic and Finnish population of Eastern Europe at that time changes dramatically compared to the beginning and middle of the 9th century. And the point is not only that another great trade route of Eastern Europe is taking shape, linking the North and South, West and East, the route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", later in the relations of Western Europe with the countries of the East than the Volga, dating from the middle or beginning second half of the ninth century

The very role of the Normans in Russia is changing. These are no longer robbers seeking glory and prey, rapist warriors, robber merchants. Normans in Russia at the end of the 9th-10th centuries. act as merchants, ... since now they went to Gardarik not to rob, ... but to trade. Trade brooches and swords, in the latter case, both in the literal and figurative sense, when the Varangian offered his combat "Frankish" sword as a commodity, and in addition to it his military prowess, his experience of the world warrior-tramp, his berserker rage, his devotion to that who pays more.

At the end of the IX-X centuries. the Normans in Russia act as "Varangians" - merchants trading with the East, West and Constantinople (Miklagard) and supplying goods of foreign origin to all countries of the East, South and West, and above all Gardarik itself. They act as mercenary warriors - "Varangians" ... Some Scandinavian jarls turn out to be more successful and manage to seize power in some cities of Russia, as happened with the Varangians Rogvolod ... who settled in Polotsk ... and perhaps in Turov (Varangian Tours according to legend), and in Pskov (where, apparently, the Varangians were sitting, since Olga, a native of Pskov, has the Scandinavian name Helga), and in other places.

Most of the Norman Vikings acted as hired combatants of Russian tribal princes or the Russian Kagan, together with other princely warriors or together with other princely "men", performing various assignments as "guests" - merchants and "words" (ambassadors ) of the prince, as the Bertin Annals noted.

There was no trace of the former robbery of the Varangians in Russia, although they tried more than once to seize power and, using force, establish their dynasty in Russia, or rather, make their kings rulers in Russia.

But in this case, it was no longer about the "violence" of the Varangian finders "from across the sea", making predatory raids ... but about their attempts to use the emerging Russian statehood for their own purposes, one of the cogs of which was themselves, the Norman mercenary squads. It was already about successful or unsuccessful adventures of the Varangian squad organizations incorporated by Russian statehood, which are in the service of Russian princes and kagans, and not about establishing the power of "overseas" Varangians, who are trying to become rulers of the Slavic and Finnish lands and turn them into an object of robbery and exploitation.

The Varangians still played a certain, and sometimes very large, sometimes decisive role, but already as one of the elements of ancient Russian society. They were an integral, and by no means the main, element of those class-dominating forces of ancient Russian society that shaped and created the Russian state. They were, so to speak, "one of", and not the only ones ... In this, familiar to them, socially related, environment, the Normans readily and quickly dissolved. Marrying Russians, these Scandinavian warriors irrevocably landed on Russian soil and were often Russified already in the second generation.

But while the ancient Russian statehood was weak, while there were actually several large state political entities, many weak tribal principalities and a sea of clans and communities headed by "elders", until there was a single Russian state, until then the Norman seekers of glory and profit at separate stages became a force capable of imposing their power on ancient Russian society.

The first Kyiv princes

Oleg the Prophet (879–912)

In 879 Rurik died in Novgorod. Since Rurik's son Igor was a child, power passed to his "relative" Oleg, nicknamed Prophetic in ancient Russian chronicles. Little is known about Oleg's relationship with Rurik. V. N. Tatishchev, with reference to the Joachim Chronicle, called Oleg his brother-in-law (the brother of Rurik Efanda's wife).

In 882 Oleg went on a campaign from Novgorod to the south along the Dnieper. He conquered Smolensk and Lyubech, captured Kyiv. According to the chronicle, Oleg tricked Askold and Dir, who ruled in Kyiv, out of the city and killed them under the pretext of their “non-princely origin”. Kyiv became the capital of the new state, "the mother of Russian cities." Thus, Oleg united under his rule the two original centers of ancient Russian statehood Novgorod and Kyiv, gained control over the entire length of the great trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks."

19th century lithograph The murder of Askold and Dir by Oleg.

Within a few years after the capture of Kyiv, Oleg extended his power to the tribes of the Drevlyans (883), northerners (884) and Radimichi (885), who had previously paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. The ruler's control over the subject tribes was carried out by means of an annual detour by the prince with a squad of subject tribes in order to collect tribute (usually furs). Subsequently, the furs, which were valued extremely highly, came true in the markets of the Byzantine Empire.

In order to improve the situation of Russian merchants and robbery, in 907 Oleg, at the head of the militia of the tribes subject to him, made a grandiose campaign against the Byzantine Empire and, having reached the walls of Constantinople, took a huge ransom from Emperor Leo VI the Philosopher. As a sign of victory, Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of the city. The result of the campaign was the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Byzantine Empire and the Old Russian state (907), which granted Russian merchants the right to duty-free trade in Constantinople. After a campaign against Byzantium in 907, Oleg received the nickname Prophetic, that is, he who knows the future. Some historians express doubts about the campaign of 907, which is not mentioned by Byzantine authors.

Conclusion of an agreement between Oleg and the Greeks. Miniature of the Radzivilov Chronicle.

In 911, Oleg sent an embassy to Constantinople, which confirmed the peace and concluded a new agreement, from which the mention of duty-free trade disappeared. Linguistic analysis dismissed doubts about the authenticity of the treaty of 911. Byzantine authors have information about it. In 912, Oleg, according to legend, died from a snake bite.

Drawing by a contemporary author. Rooks of the Rus near Constantinople

From the document (Soloviev S.M. History of Russia since ancient times: in 15 books. Book 1)

"When analyzing the legends about Oleg, we see that in the people's memory he seemed not so much a brave warrior, but a prophetic prince, wise or cunning, which, according to the then concepts, meant the same thing: by cunning, Oleg takes possession of Kyiv, subjugates him with deft negotiations without the tribes that lived on the eastern side of the Dnieper, near Constantinople scares the Greeks with cunning, is not given into deception by the most cunning people and is called prophetic by his people. almost all the tribes that lived along the eastern waterway gather under one banner, receive a concept of their unity, for the first time they make a long campaign with united forces. Such is the legend about Oleg, the historian has no right to suspect this tradition, to reject the significance of Oleg as a gatherer of tribes.

Igor Rurikovich the Old (912–945)

Igor Rurikovich entered Russian history with the nickname "Old", that is, the oldest. The beginning of his reign was marked by an uprising of the Drevlyans tribe, who tried to free themselves from dependence on Kyiv. The uprising was brutally suppressed, the Drevlyans were heavily taxed.

K. V. Lebedev. polyudie

In 941, Igor made an unsuccessful campaign against Constantinople. The Rus fleet was burned by "Greek fire".

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Burning of Russian ships by Greek fire. Miniature of the Radzivilov Chronicle.

From the document (Soloviev S.M. History of Russia since ancient times: in 15 books. Book 1)

“Having examined the legends about Igor recorded in the annals, we see that Oleg’s successor is presented in them as an inactive prince, a reckless leader. He does not go for tribute to previously subordinate tribes, does not conquer new ones, his squad is poor and timid like him: with great strength without a fight they return back from the Greek campaign, because they are not sure of their courage and are afraid of a storm.But to these traits of Igor's character in the legend, another one is added - self-interest, unworthy, according to the then concepts of a good leader of the squad, who shared everything with her, and Igor , having released the squad home, he remained almost alone with the Drevlyans, so as not to share the tribute taken with the squad - here is also an explanation why the first campaign against the Greeks was undertaken with a small army, and not all tribes participated in the second.

Olga (945–964)

According to legend, Igor's widow, Princess Olga, who assumed power due to the infancy of her son Svyatoslav Igorevich, cruelly took revenge on the Drevlyans. She cunningly destroyed their elders and Prince Mal, killed many ordinary people, burned the tribal center of the Drevlyans, the city of Iskorosten, and imposed a heavy tribute on them.

V. Surikov. Princess Olga meets the body of Prince Igor

From the document (Soloviev S.M. History of Russia since ancient times: in 15 books. Book 1)

"This is the legend of Olga's revenge: it is precious for the historian, because it reflects the dominant concepts of the time, which made revenge for the murder of a loved one a sacred duty; it is clear that even at the time of the compilation of the annals, these concepts did not lose their strength. With the then underdevelopment of social relations revenge for a kinsman was a feat par excellence: that is why the story of such a feat aroused universal lively attention and therefore so freshly and ornamentally preserved in the memory of the people.Society always, no matter at what stage of development it may be, has a deep respect for the customs that protect it, and glorifies, as heroes, those people who give strength to these protective customs.In our ancient society in the epoch of its development described, the custom of revenge was precisely this protective custom, replacing justice; and he who sacredly fulfilled the duty of revenge was necessarily a hero of truth and the more severe the revenge, the more satisfaction the then society found for itself, the more it glorified the avenger as a worthy kinsman, and to be a worthy kinsman meant then, translated into our concepts, to be an exemplary citizen. That is why the legend shows that Olga's revenge was worthy of revenge.

To prevent uprisings like the Drevlyanian, Olga completely changed the system of tribute collection. On the territory of each tribal union, a churchyard was established - a place for collecting tribute, for each tribe a lesson was established for the exact amount of tribute. Representatives of the princely power collected tribute on the lands subject to Kyiv. In fact, Olga's reform contributed to the transformation of Russia from a loose union of tribes, united only by princely power, into a state with administrative division and a permanent bureaucratic apparatus.

Under Olga, the connection of Kievan Rus with the Byzantine Empire, the richest and most developed state of the early Middle Ages, was strengthened. In 956 (or 957) Olga visited Constantinople and was baptized there, thus becoming the first Christian ruler of the Old Russian state.

S. A. Kirillov. Princess Olga (baptism)

At the same time, the adoption of Christianity by Olga was not followed by the conversion to the new faith of either her son Svyatoslav, who was a zealous pagan, or the squad.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (964–972)

Almost all of his short reign, Svyatoslav spent in military campaigns, weakly dealing with the internal affairs of the state, which actually continued to be headed by his mother.

From the document (Soloviev S.M. History of Russia from ancient times: in 15 books. Book 1) When Prince "Svyatoslav grew up and matured, he began to recruit many and brave warriors, walking easily, like a leopard, fought a lot. Going on a campaign , he did not carry carts, nor cauldrons, because he did not cook meat, but, having cut into thin slices horse meat or animal meat, or beef, he baked on coals; he did not have a tent, but he slept on a horse sweatshirt, putting a saddle under his head; so did all his warriors. He sent in different directions, to different peoples with the announcement: "I want to go against you!" flocked to him from everywhere for glory and booty. Therefore, Svyatoslav performed his feats with the help of one of his squads, and not by the combined forces of all the tribes subject to Russia: and precisely, when describing the campaigns, the chronicler does not calculate the tribes that took part in them. Svyatoslav recruited many warriors and the brave they were like him in everything: this can only be said about a select squad, and not about a large army made up of different tribes.

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четверг, 25 июля 2019 г.

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четверг, 25 июля 2019 г.

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четверг, 25 июля 2019 г.