пятница, 28 января 2022 г.

Cars, moto, transport update 28/01/2022

After the death of Troy, strife begins in the Achaean camp. Ajax Oilid incurs the wrath of the goddess Athena on the Greek fleet, and she sends a terrible storm, during which many ships sink. Mene-Lay and Odysseus are carried by a storm to distant lands. The wanderings of Odysseus after the end of the Trojan War are sung in the second poem of Homer - "The Odyssey". It also tells about the return of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta. The epic favors this beautiful woman, since everything that happened to her was the will of the gods, which she could not resist. The leader of the Achaeans, Agamemnon, after returning home, was killed along with his companions by his wife Clytemnestra, who did not forgive her husband for the death of her daughter Iphigenia. So, not at all triumphant, the campaign against Troy ended for the Achaeans.


As already mentioned, the ancient Greeks did not doubt the historical reality of the Trojan War. Even such a critically thinking and not accepting ancient Greek historian as Thucydides was convinced that the ten-year siege of Troy described in the poem is a historical fact, only embellished by the poet. Indeed, there is very little fairy-tale fantasy in the poem. If scenes with the participation of the gods are isolated from it, which Thucydides does, then the story will look quite reliable. Separate parts of the poem, such as the "catalog of ships" or the list of the Achaean army under the walls of Troy, are written as a real chronicle.


The European historical science of modern times treated the Greek myths differently. She saw in them only legends and fairy tales that did not contain real information. Historians of the XVIII-XIX centuries. were convinced that there was no Greek campaign against Troy and that the heroes of the poem are mythical, not historical figures. The only European who believed the epic was Heinrich Schliemann. He was not a professional scientist, and for him Achilles, Agamemnon, Odysseus and the beautiful Helen were living people, and he experienced the drama that played out under the walls of Troy as the events of his own life. Schliemann dreamed of finding the legendary city for many years.


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Having become a very rich man, in 1871 he began to excavate the Hissarlik hill in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, identifying it as the location of ancient Troy. At the same time, Schliemann was guided by the descriptions of the city of Priam given in the poem. Luck awaited him: the hill hid the ruins, and not one, but as many as nine urban settlements, replacing each other for at least twenty centuries - two or three millennia.


Schliemann recognized the Troy described in the poem in a settlement located in the second layer from the bottom. Here he found, in his opinion, the Skeian Gate, the tower from which Elena and the Trojan elders watched the battles, the palace of Priam and even treasures - the “treasure of Priam”: magnificent gold and silver jewelry.


Then, following the instructions of the poem, Heinrich Schliemann conducted archaeological excavations in the "gold-abundant" Mycenae. In one of the royal graves discovered there, there were - for Schliemann there was no doubt about this - the remains of Agamemnon and his companions, strewn with gold ornaments; Agamemnon's face was covered with a golden mask. Among the numerous and rich funeral offerings, magnificent weapons worthy of mighty heroes were discovered.


The discoveries of Heinrich Schliemann shocked the world community. There was no doubt that Homer's poem contains information about real events and their real heroes. Myths do not lie, they contain the truth about the distant past. Schliemann's success inspired many archaeologists. The Englishman Arthur Evans went to the island of Crete to look for the residence of the mythical king Minos and found there the beautiful palace of the Minotaur. In 1939, the American archaeologist Karl Blegen discovered the "sandy" Pylos, the habitat of the wise old man Nestor on the western coast of the Peloponnese. The correctness of the geographical indications of the poem triumphed again. But a strange thing: the number of discoveries increased, and the situation with the Trojan War and Troy itself became more and more incomprehensible. Already Schliemann during the excavations began to experience some anxiety. When professional archaeologists came to the Hissarlik Hill and Mycenae, they established that the city, taken by Schliemann for Troy, existed a thousand years before the Trojan War. The graves in Mycenae kept the remains of people who lived several centuries earlier than the heroes of the poem. After the first enthusiasm and excitement, the turn of a new, even greater shock came. It turned out that Schliemann discovered a new world, a previously unknown civilization, about which even the ancient Greeks knew nothing. This world was completely different from what myths and heroic epics told about.

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Basque country

Отказавшись от безусловного доверия к мифологической основе, некоторые историки тем не менее продолжают считать, что из неё всё-таки можно извлечь зёрна истины. Ведь автору поэмы действительно было известно местоположение важнейших политических центров Ахейской Греции II тыс. до н.э. Многие из описанных в поэме бытовых и военных реалий в деталях совпадают с археологическими находками. Например, найденный Шлиманом в Микенах «кубок Нестора»; «шлем из клыков вепря», принадлежавший, как говорится в «Илиаде», критскому герою Мериону; башнеподобный щит, прикрывавший всё тело героя; наконец, боевые колесницы, которых не знала классическая Греция. Значит, в устной традиции народа сохранилась память о давно прошедших временах и событиях, и поэмы зафиксировали её. Очевидно, достигшие процветания, на рубеже ХШ—ХП вв. до н.э. государства греков-ахейцев стремились объединёнными силами совершать большие военные экспедиции в район Малой Азии. Одной из них и была осада Трои. Прочно закрепить своё влияние в районе Троады ахейцы не смогли, даже разрушив Трою. Их собственный мир оказался под угрозой нашествия варваров, и приходилось думать уже о безопасности, а не о завоеваниях.



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But skeptics argue that these examples do not prove anything. The realities of the Mycenaean culture, which was part of the culture of Achaean Greece, are present in the poems as echoes of a distant and completely unfamiliar era to the poet. He has no idea how the war chariots, the main striking force in the battles of the times of Mycenaean Greece, operated. For the author, this is just a vehicle: the hero drives up in a chariot to the place of the fight, and then fights on foot. The description of the royal palaces in the poem "Odyssey" shows that the author knows nothing about either the water supply, or the frescoes that adorned the walls of the Mycenaean palaces, or the writing that disappeared with the death of the Achaean culture. The creation of epic poems is separated from real events by four or five centuries. Until that time, legends about the Trojan War were passed down orally by the Aed singers from generation to generation. Each storyteller and each new generation contributed to them their own understanding of the events and actions of the heroes. Thus, errors accumulated, new plot details appeared, significantly distorting the original meaning. One event, absorbing others and acquiring poetic "details", could gradually turn into a grandiose campaign of the Achaean Greeks against Troy, which could never have happened. Moreover, archaeological finds made on the Hissar-lak hill do not prove that the settlement found is exactly Troy.
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