четверг, 25 июня 2020 г.

News update Pinterest (Google) 26/06/2020 (63)

However, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius was preparing a counteroffensive. Having led his troops through the northern lands of Mesopotamia and Armenia, he then turned south, reaching almost as far as the capital of Iran. Khosrov, who did not want to start peace negotiations with Byzantium, was killed by his close associates, who in 628 proclaimed his son Kavad P. Shahanshah.

Although Kavad reigned for only six months, he still managed to make peace with Byzantium, which ended the 24-year war. Both countries pledged to mutually renounce everything captured and exchange prisoners.

Iranshahr did not have a lasting peace with its northern neighbors - the Huns, Khazars, Turks. Under shahanshah Bahram Gur in 425, the invasion of the Huns was repulsed. The war with them resumed in 459 under Shahanshah Peroz. He sent a slave to the ruler of the Huns as his wife instead of the promised princess. The deceived Hun leader killed some of the Iranian ambassadors, and mutilated the rest, sent them out with a formidable warning. The war ended in a humiliating truce for Iran. Peroz violated it and invaded the Hunnic borders, but was defeated and died, but in the memory of his compatriots he remained "Brave". His successor Walash made peace with the Huns, pledging to pay tribute for two years. Only 20 years later, as a result of the wars of 503-513, Iranshahr put an end to the Hun threat.

Under Kavad I, the Iranians fought the Khazars, and in 588 the Turks invaded the state, but the arrows of the Persian archers turned them back.

Behind the outward grandeur of Iranshahr, already under Khosrov II Parviz, the last strong ruler of the Sasanid dynasty, there was a deep economic decline. Incessant wars undermined the forces of the Sassanid state. Young and healthy men died on the battlefield. There was no one to cultivate the land, graze cattle, and engage in crafts. The irrigation system fell into disrepair, crops were reduced.

Military booty enriched mainly the royal family and military leaders. Being the rulers of certain areas, they began to consider themselves sovereign rulers, not obliged to obey the orders of the shahanshahs, who increasingly became people who were unable to unite the country and achieve the support of the people.

The Sassanids waged a continuous struggle for the throne among themselves. For some time it was even occupied by women - Azermidokht and Borandokht. By the middle of the UP in. Sasanian Iran was weakened from within and could not resist the onslaught of a powerful enemy - the Arabs.
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In the era of the early Middle Ages, much more serious changes took place in the Near and Middle East than in Europe, which had not yet recovered from the collapse of Rome. In a matter of decades, a state was formed with a territory larger than the Roman Empire. The youngest of the world religions gave rise to the concept of "Islamic world". It was from that time that the expression “caliph for an hour”, the words “arabesque”, “arsenal”, “chess”, “astrolabe”, Arabic numerals, the names of stars and, of course, the tales of Harun-ar-Rashid, Sinbad- sailor. Modern sailors ply the Strait of Gibraltar and the Black Sea, so named by the Arabs.

Even in the VI century. AD The Arabian Peninsula was perceived as "the end of the world." Most of the "rocky Arabia" roamed the tribes of Bedouin Arabs, who lived in tents and drank camel milk. Only in the south, in Yemen, "happy Arabia", there existed from the time of the legendary Queen of Sheba an ancient state with flourishing trading cities. In the western part of Arabia there were also several cities in which the merchants ruled. Among them stood out Yathrib (Medina) and Mecca - the center of the territory occupied by the tribe of Qu-reisha (Quraysh).

By the beginning of the 7th century significant changes took place in the life of the nomadic Arabs. A tribal nobility stood out, owning large herds and captive slaves. (At the same time, the transition of the Germanic and Slavic tribes to a feudal society took place in Europe.) Trade developed, a single North Arabic language and Arabic alphabetic writing developed. Among the Arabian sands, verses of Bedouin poets sounded, among which was the legendary Majnun.

The further history of the Arabs turned out to be associated with the name of Muhammad, a descendant of a noble merchant Quraysh family, known primarily as the founder of a new religion - Islam (Islam - "obedience to God"), or Islam (from the Arabic "Muslim" - orthodox).

The name of Muhammad stood on a par with the names of Buddha, Moses, Christ. The prophet of Islam is an absolutely real and concrete, historical person. Islam was the last world religion to emerge. It was immediately adapted to the needs of the nascent state and from its very inception proved to be a very concrete religion, beginning with its preaching by Muhammad. Unlike previous religions, Islam first of all established the rules of life in this world, and only then promised paradise to the righteous, and fiery hell to the sinners. At the same time, Islam learned a lot from Judaism, Christianity and ancient Arabian beliefs.