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This lack of determination and consistency was completely contrary to the character of the Romans, and therefore aroused the displeasure of the people; it came to the point that trade and all exchange in general were completely undermined and there was no hope for an improvement in matters. Of course, the interests of armators and large merchants, as well as all those who lived by maritime trade or benefited from it, suffered most of all, of course. This led to an explosion of deep patriotism inherent in every Roman: armorers, big businessmen, etc. made enormous sacrifices and placed at the disposal of the state a large, well-equipped fleet in order to end the war, the outcome of which could only be decided at sea.

This mood, of course, influenced the choice of the consul Catulus. Thus, Rome owed the happy ending of this war not to the senate or the popular assembly, but to an unparalleled patriotic upsurge, which turned into a great feat. The main features of the Roman character led to a favorable final result: firmness, determination, perseverance, a correct view of the matter and practical sharpness, then military prowess, love of the fatherland and the art of military leaders.

From the foregoing it is clear how at the beginning of the war in Rome there was no correct understanding of the methods of its conduct, and how this understanding was gradually developed; the fact that the Romans subsequently again abandoned these methods and even several times completely stopped the naval war, which dragged out the war for another fifteen years, must be explained by a natural disgust for the sea and for maritime affairs and the resulting complete misunderstanding of it.

The fleet was for the Romans only a last resort, which they regarded, so to speak, as a necessary evil; as a result, the fleet was never a source of pride, and it was always treated like a stepson; service in the navy was always placed below service in the army, the officers were for the most part not Romans or Italians, but Italian Greeks. The Romans always kept out of the water, and this was the reason why the Roman fleet immediately fell into complete decline, as soon as the immediate need for it disappeared.

All the more surprising is the fact that the Romans several times, with the expenditure of colossal funds, created large fleets, and that they were able to skillfully use them in battle from the first time, despite the fact that they were commanded by inexperienced consuls who changed every year. Proceeding from the tactics of land combat, from the very beginning, contrary to the custom that existed up to that time, they began to use a massive, deep formation, which, in connection with the boarding tactics, fully corresponded to their goals. The failure that befell the Roman wake column at Drepanum is explained by the inept command of the new consul, who acted against the experienced Adherbal. Just the opposite can be said about the line of the deployed front in the last battle at the Aegates Islands.

For the Romans, a much more dangerous enemy than the Carthaginians was the misunderstanding of the sea business by their own military leaders; their losses from shipwrecks were many times greater than the losses in battles. If the Romans had taken the right path from the very beginning, and, having appreciated the importance of sea power, created a fleet on the same basis as a land army, with permanent crews for it and a special Roman corps of officers, then over time an understanding would have developed in this fleet naval strategy and tactics, and the war could have ended much sooner.

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Despite their constantly changing, often inappropriate, and sometimes completely erroneous strategy, despite clumsy tactics and terrible catastrophes to which their fleet was more than once subjected, the Romans, nevertheless, defeated the great, ancient sea power; this circumstance might lead to the conclusion that a maritime power in general cannot successfully wage war against a land power; but such a conclusion would be wrong: the reason for the ultimate success of the Romans was that their strategy and tactics, invented and applied by beginners in maritime science, despite major shortcomings, must still be considered brilliant in comparison with the tactics and strategy of the Carthaginians.

This striking fact can only be explained by the fact that the Carthaginians did not at all have a correct understanding of the foundations of the power of their state, the significance of dominance at sea and the importance of the navy, which stands at the height of modern requirements and is correctly applied to business.

Their ships, their sailors, their rowing slaves were the best in the world; for centuries they were masters of the sea and lived in the deep conviction that this was an indisputable fact; only this, and their innate aversion to war, can explain the inability to military affairs and the complete carelessness with which they treated him.

Thanks to the extensive development of shipping, they had the opportunity to broaden their horizons and learn to look more consciously at what was happening in the world, but they remained blind to the danger that was approaching closer and closer to them from Rome. While the Romans were expanding their power on land with gigantic strides, the Carthaginians, with their trade agreements of 348 and 306, more and more hampered them at sea, but at the same time they completely lost sight of the fact that in international relations it is possible to support regulations that are embarrassing for another people. only open force; thus, they provoked a war, but did nothing to prepare it.

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The capital and largest city of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Administratively forms the region of England Greater London, divided into 33 self-governing territories. The population is 8.6 million people - this is the third largest city in Europe. It forms the agglomeration Greater London and a larger metropolitan area. Located in the southeast of the island of Great Britain, on a plain at the mouth of the Thames, near the North Sea. The main political, economic and cultural center of the United Kingdom.

пятница, 18 октября 2019 г.

Yandex.Webmaster is a popular Yandex service created specifically for webmasters (developers), site administrators and owners, as well as SEO-optimizers

среда, 16 октября 2019 г.

News archives 16.10.2019

пятница, 18 октября 2019 г.

среда, 16 октября 2019 г.