среда, 23 февраля 2022 г.

Каталония new

The united army moved against the Macedonian king. Philip II defined his tactics even earlier: "I retreated like a ram in order to hit harder with my horns." The opportunity to strike after two unsuccessful battles presented itself to him on August 2, 338 BC. at Chaeronea. Alexander, the future Tsar Alexander the Great, participated in this battle for the first time.


The Battle of Chaeronea ended the Macedonian conquest of Greece. All the Greeks, and above all the Athenians, expected a massacre and mourned their ancient cities in advance. But Philip dealt with the vanquished with surprising gentleness. He did not demand surrender and offered them an alliance. Greece looked at such a diplomatic, educated and generous Philip with admiration. The offensive nickname "barbarian" was forgotten, and everyone immediately remembered that he was Heraclid.

In 337 BC on the initiative of Philip U, a pan-Greek “congress” was convened in Corinth (the dream of Pericles came true!), Which formed a Pan-Hellenic alliance - only Sparta was not included in it - and declared Philip the hegemon of Greece. And in vain did Demosthenes frighten the Athenians at one time: “He (Philip) hates our free institutions most of all ... because he knows perfectly well that if he subjugates all peoples to his power, he will not firmly own anything until you have democracy." Philip left the political system of the city-states unchanged, and the proclaimed Holy Peace (finally peace!) forbade them to interfere in each other's affairs. Moreover, for the triumph of the common Greek idea and the rallying of the Greeks, the Pan-Hellenic Union declared war on the Iranian state, appointing Philip II as an autocratic strategist.

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Коста-Брава

Коста-дель-Маресме

Коста-де-Барселона

Коста-дель-Гарраф

Коста-Дорада

Монастырь Мас-де-Колом

Монастырь Монсеррат

Монастырь Поблет

Монастырь Сан-Пере-де-Родес

Монастырь Санта-Мария-де-Педральбес

Монастырь Сантес-Креус

Монастырь Сан-Фелиу-де-Кадинс

Монастырь Св. Марии в Бельпуч-де-лес-Авельянесе

Святилище Богоматери Лордской

Святилище Девы Монтсеррат-де-Монферри

Буддийский комплекс Гарраф

Валь-де-Бои и ее романские церкви ЮНЕСКО

Дом художника с барельефами

Заброшенные места. Заброшенная ретрансляторная станция Радио Свобода

Заброшенные места. Форт “Белая Башня” в Кастельсиутат

Олимпийский рафтинг парк

Подвесной мост Ампоста

Римская арка Бера

Римский акведук Мост Дьявола

Селлер Гуэль



But he did not have time to start a new campaign. In 336 BC Philip was killed. Alexander, who looked so little like his father, was supposed to continue his work. If Philip was a genius of diplomacy, then Alexander became the deity of war.

Alexander was born at the end of July 356 BC. in the capital of Macedonia - Pella. The son of a fan of Greek culture, Alexander, in addition to military affairs and horseback riding, studied music, mathematics and Greek literature. The admiration for the great creations of the Hellenes by the young Macedonian was so great that he even carried Homer's Iliad with him on campaigns and laid it at the head of the head next to the sword at night. True, he was inspired not by poems, but by the exploits of heroes. But even Greek literature could not soften the passionate and unbridled character of Alexander - he always compared himself with Achilles, from whom, by his mother, the frantic and power-hungry Olympias, he descended. The famous philosopher Aristotle, who, at the choice of his father, was to become a mentor to a 13-year-old teenager, could not cope with him either.

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вторник, 22 февраля 2022 г.

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In addition to ethics and philosophy, Aristotle taught Alexander and the science of the state. But the ideal of a great teacher was far away. Macedonia was full of noble families who sought to control the king. Greece, after the death of Philip II, decided to win back its freedom.

Alexander began his reign by destroying all possible contenders for the throne, and then reminded Hellas of Macedonian rule. The initial demonstration of power at the borders made the Greeks change their minds, and they recognized Alexander for all the rights of the murdered Philip II: he was elected archon, strategist-autocrat of Hellas and recognized as hegemon. Alexander calmly departed north to fight the barbarians.

However, Thebes was the first to break down, instigated by Athens, who had a low opinion of the abilities of the young king. It is one thing to defeat some barbarian tribes, another thing is to take one of the most powerful cities in Greece. Is it possible for a boy? It turned out that yes. Alexander's army quickly marched (in 13 days) from Thrace to Thebes. And, despite the courageous resistance of the best Theban army in Greece, the city was taken. Alexander, in the words of the ancient Greek historian Diodorus, "brutalized soul." All the inhabitants of the city, with the exception of priests and supporters of the Macedonians, were sold into slavery (30 thousand people), the male population was exterminated, and the city itself was wiped off the face of the earth. Apparently, as a tribute to Greek literature, the king left only the house of the poet Pindar in the open field. Only then did the Greeks appreciate the velvet policy of Philip II, when Alexander showed them the "iron fist".
Now that the Greeks, who had lost all hope, were pacified, Alexander finally decided to start a war with the Achaemenid power. This war was to be perceived by the Greeks as revenge for the desecration of the Hellenic shrines in the previous Greco-Persian wars. The desire of Alexander, who "dreamed of inheriting power, fraught not with luxury, pleasure and wealth, but with battles, wars and the struggle for glory" (Plutarch), seems to have been close to being realized. In order to cut off his way back, Alexander gave away most of his lands in Macedonia and turned his hopeful eyes on Iran, hungry for glory. In 334 BC Alexander threw his spear at the Asian coast, thus declaring his rights to this territory, and landed on the coast of Asia Minor with an army of 50,000.

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